Development and evaluation of scaffold-based nanosponge formulation for controlled drug delivery of naproxen and ibuprofen

Abstract

Purpose: To develop and evaluate nanosponge (NS) based sustained release formulations of naproxen (NAP) and ibuprofen (IBU).Method: Six formulations of each candidate drug were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method, using varying ratios of polymers, i.e., ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol. The prepared formulations were evaluated for various parameters including production yield, particle size, polydispersity index, actual drug content and entrapment efficiency. Morphological, structural and thermo-analytical evaluations were performed using various techniques. In vitro release studies were performed on selected formulations. Results: Nanosponge (NS) formulations of naproxen and ibuprofen were successfully prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method. The particle size of naproxen and ibuprofen nanosponge formulations ranged from 347.6 to 1358 nm and 248.7 to 327.6 nm, respectively. Formulations with equal proportion of ethyl cellulose and drug resulted in nanosponges with the desired particle size. Production yield, actual drug content and entrapment efficiency was dependent on the ratio of ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol. Formulations with equal proportion showed least PDI values (0.09 for NAP and 0.07 for IBU) and highest zeta potential mV for IBU).Morphological, structural and thermo-analytical analysis confirmed the encapsulation of drugs in nanosponge cavities, and exhibited spherical and porous morphology. Nanosponge formulations gave a sustained release pattern, based on Higuchi model. Drug release mechanism was Fickian followed Korsmeyer-Peppas model, due probably to the porosity of the nanosponge. Conclusion: Sustained release nanosponge formulations of naproxen and ibuprofen have successfully been prepared.

Productizing Nano-Bioactive Glass-Based Bilayer Scaffolds: A Graft for Reconstruction of Mandibular and Femoral Bone Defects

“…This process involves the movement of drug molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, resulting in a sustained and relatively predictable release profile over time. 47 This behavior is common in systems where the drug is uniformly distributed inside a polymeric matrix. The diffusion of drug molecules through the matrix is the only factor that affects the release pattern.…”

Comparison between Ethylcellulose and Polymethacrylate Topical Nanosponges Loaded with Butenafi ne Hydrochloride

“…Similar results were reported by Shoaib, et al (2018) for naproxen and ibuprofen NS. 25,26 Effect of Internal Phase Solvent Type Organic solvents play a crucial role in NS preparation due to their functionality in dissolving the drug and polymer, ensuring the initial thermodynamic equilibrium with the external phase, plus the organic solvent's eventual diffusion and evaporation to form the NS. This diffusion and eventual evaporation are mainly dependent upon its boiling point.…”

The ascension of nanosponges as a drug delivery carrier: preparation, characterization, and applications

“…The NSs consist of multiple openings in their structures available in their core, which allow free passage of the drug molecule through and the liquid has achieved the state of saturation for the drug molecule. The end results are then enforced on the skin or taken internally, the moiety encapsulated achieves freedom to move into the vehicle and thus taken in by the skin [ 59 ], which contributes to the reduction of the drug concentration in the vehicle causing the state of unsaturation and thus disrupting the balance. This process follows until the complete medication have been absorbed by the body.…”