“…The economic impact of clinical and sub-clinical IBD warrants the search and use of efficient vaccines and vaccination strategies to match changes in the field situation for effective control of IBDV (Whitfill et al, 1995;Pitcovski et al, 2003;Yong-Chang et al, 2005;Lazarus et al, 2008;Le Gros et al, 2009). In Nigeria, most vaccines used for the control of IBDV as well as the virus seed for local vaccine production are imported (Okeke & Tanimu, 1982), leading to frequent vaccination failures in the field (Abdu et al, 2001) due to antigenic differences between local strains and vaccine strains (Owoade et al, 2004;Adamu et al, 2011a).…”