Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale

Abstract

The PAINAD is a simple, valid, and reliable instrument for measurement of pain in noncommunicative patients. Since the patient population used for its development and testing was limited to a relatively small number of males, further research is needed before it can be universally recommended.

Management of unresectable head and neck cancers — a retrospective analysis at a rural medical college of India

“…Wounds in advanced SCCHN may be characterized by excessive purulent discharge, odor and infection and sometimes maggot infestation in neglected cases. In assessment, one should look for presence of: (1) adherent necrotic tissue; (2) exudate; (3) bleeding due to traumatic dressing change and relationship of the wound with major vessels; (4) pain with dressing; (5) surrounding skin condition; (6) odor; (7) infection; and (8) impact on patient. The aim of treatment is to control pain and odor, to reduce discharge, and to provide psychological support.…”

“…Pretreatment evaluation and symptoms -all symptoms were recorded at initial presentation and pain assessment were done by visual analog scale (VAS) [5] and faces pain scale [6]. The patients were asked to grade the severity of their most distressing symptom on a pragmatic scale of mild, moderate and severe.…”

Intracervical block compared with intramuscular sedation for dilatation and curettage

“…For IM sedation group, we used 30mg of Pentazocine and 12.5mg of Promethazine 1 hr before the procedure. The primary outcome of pain was assessed using a 10-cm VAS 11 at three points, during cervical dilatation, endometrial scraping and 1 hour following procedure. The recovery time following procedure was recorded.…”

Cultural adaptation of the scale Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia – PAINAD to Brazil

“…In the global literature, 12 instruments were found proposing the evaluation of pain in people with severe dementia published until 2013, being those: Abbey Pain Scale (8) ; CNPI -Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Behaviors (9) , CPAT -Certified Nursing Assistant Pain Assessment Tool (10) ; DOLOPLUS-2 (11) ; MPS -Mahoney Pain Scale (12) ; MOBIDMobilization-Observation-Behavior-Intensity-Dementia Pain Scale (13) e MOBID-2 (14) ; NOPPAIN -Non-communicative Patient's Pain Assessment Instrument (15) ; PACS-LAC -Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors With Limited Ability to Communicate (16); PADE -Pain Assessment for the Dementing Elderly (17) ; PAINAD -Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (18) , PAINE -Pain Assessment in Non communicative Elderly Persons (19) and ADD -Assessment of Discomfort in Dementia (20) .…”

“…The scoring varies from 0 to 10 points based in an established pain scale. The authors propose the scoring interpretation as follows: 1 to 3 points is considered mild pain; 4 to 6 points as moderate pain and from 7 to 10 points as severe pain (18) .…”