Development and validation of Chronic Kidney Disease Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (CKD-KAP) questionnaire

Abstract

BackgroundChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a complex condition leading to loss of kidney function. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice questionnaire on CKD (CKD-KAP) among practicing physicians in Pakistan since no validated tool was available for the said purpose.MethodsThe study consisted of four phases with phase-I focusing on literature review, phase II was the actual questionnaire development phase, face and content validity was determined in phase III, and finally pilot testing was performed in phase IV to determine validity and reliability. The development phase encompassed a thorough review of literature, focus-group discussion, expert review, and evaluation. The validation phase consisted of content validity, face validity, construct validity, convergent validity, and reliability. The pilot testing was performed by studying the KAP of 100 practicing physicians in tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan. The knowledge section of the validation phase utilized Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis. The attitude and practices sections utilized Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) theory. The reliability analysis utilized Cronbach’s alpha and correlations.ResultsThe CKD-KAP questionnaire had three main sections: knowledge, attitude, and practice. During the validation, IRT analysis was performed on knowledge, which focused on the measure of the coefficient of discrimination and difficulty of the items; 40 out of 41 knowledge items have both discrimination and difficulty coefficients within an acceptable range. The EFA model was also fitted in the attitude and practices section, and scree plot and Eigenvalues suggested three and four dimensions within the attitude and practices section. The factor loading of all items was found to be acceptable except for one item in attitude which was deleted. The convergent validity demonstrated a significant association between all three sections except knowledge and practices. The reliability (internal consistency) analysis demonstrated Cronbach’s alpha values above 0.7 and significant inter-item correlation. The final model of CKD-KAP had 40 knowledge, 13 attitude, and 10 practice items with a combination of both positive as well as negative questions and statements.ConclusionsThe CKD-KAP was found to be psychometrically valid and reliable, hence can be used to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practices of physicians toward chronic kidney disease.

Chinese Healthcare Workers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Diabetic Kidney Management: A Multi-Centered Cross-Sectional Study

“…The KAP model underscores the link between comprehensive knowledge and the development of constructive attitudes and practices among healthcare professionals. 39 Continuous education in the most current clinical guidelines and treatments is crucial for equipping healthcare providers with the knowledge and skills necessary for effective DKD management. Prior research supports the significant influence of a positive attitude on the success of DKD treatment and overall healthcare delivery quality.…”

CKD Knowledge and Its Associated Factors Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Attending Follow-up in a Penang Primary Health Clinic

“…A KAP survey using questionnaires measures not only CKD knowledge, but also attitudes and practices towards the disease. Knowledge refers to a person's understanding regarding CKD, whilst attitude refers to beliefs, behaviours or tendencies towards CKD; whereas practice refers to actions a person takes in response to stimuli, based on his or her understanding and tendency toward CKD 24 . KAP questionnaires for CKD have been developed and used in many studies across populations and cohorts.…”

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards urinary system stones among the Chengdu population

“…The Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice (KAP) approach has proved to be highly effective in identifying concerns, requirements, and potential obstacles among individuals. This, in turn, contributes to the formulation of educational strategies for disease prevention and diagnosis 13 . In the context of urinary stones, American reports have highlighted a lack of sufficient knowledge among patients regarding the dietary risks associated with nephrolithiasis.…”