Development and Validation of the Entrepreneurial Opinions Scale among the Cameroonian Self-Made Men and Women

Research on the Influence Mechanism of Agricultural Entrepreneurship: Evidence From Five Provinces in Western China

“…For the measurement items of different dimensional variables of the entrepreneurial environment, the item with the highest validity in each dimension is selected as the scale; the entrepreneurial self-efficacy measurement scale mainly combines Armitage and Conner (1999) on entrepreneurship The article on the study of the dimension of self-efficacy is modified under the characteristics of suburban farmers and is mainly measured from the five dimensions of innovation efficiency, risk tolerance, opportunity identification, relationship coordination, and organizational commitment ( Armitage and Conner, 1999 ). For the measurement items of different dimensional variables of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, the item with the highest validity among the variables of each dimension is selected as the scale; entrepreneurial behavior is mainly combined with the article by Ilouga et al (2020) on the measurement of the dimensional structure of entrepreneurial behavior in industrial clusters. According to the characteristics of suburban farmers, the entrepreneurial behavior is divided into five dimensions in consideration of the different stages of the implementation of entrepreneurial behavior: entrepreneurial opportunity identification, entrepreneurial team formation, entrepreneurial resource integration, entrepreneurial network construction, and imitation behavior ( Ilouga et al, 2020 ).…”

“…For the measurement items of different dimensional variables of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, the item with the highest validity among the variables of each dimension is selected as the scale; entrepreneurial behavior is mainly combined with the article by Ilouga et al (2020) on the measurement of the dimensional structure of entrepreneurial behavior in industrial clusters. According to the characteristics of suburban farmers, the entrepreneurial behavior is divided into five dimensions in consideration of the different stages of the implementation of entrepreneurial behavior: entrepreneurial opportunity identification, entrepreneurial team formation, entrepreneurial resource integration, entrepreneurial network construction, and imitation behavior ( Ilouga et al, 2020 ). For the measurement items of different dimensions of entrepreneurial behavior, the item with the highest validity among the variables of each dimension is selected as the scale.…”

The Ambitious Entrepreneur and His Role in Stimulating Creativity: The Case of Tunisian Entrepreneurs

“…Schumpeter (1939) developed the first conception that only the leader is capable of innovating because he has a special way of seeing things, a will, and an ability to move forward alone, free from resistance and, of course, to have authority. This approach was subsequently developed and even criticized in view of the creative role played by the entrepreneur (Ilouga et al, 2020).…”

Effets des variables démographiques et contextuelles sur les intentions entrepreneuriales des étudiant·e·s et chômeur·euse·s au Togo

“…En effet, les intentions entrepreneuriales ont été largement étudiées auprès d'étudiant•e•s (Sharahiley, 2020). Cependant, elles sont encore peu documentées chez les chômeur•euse•s à la recherche d'emploi (Atitsogbe, Mama et al, 2019 ;Nyock Ilouga et al, 2020). Or, comprendre les processus aboutissant à leur développement contribuera de façon significative à l'élaboration et à la mise en oeuvre de politiques et d'interventions qui promeuvent la culture entrepreneuriale.…”

“…Selon ces auteurs, les éléments en cause dans la réticence à s'engager dans la création d'entreprise ou l'auto-emploi sont entre autres la pression fiscale, la difficulté d'accès aux prêts de démarrage, la non-maîtrise des procédures de création d'entreprise ou un environnement perçu comme peu ou non favorable à l'entrepreneuriat. Les représentations et croyances influencent considérablement la propension entrepreneuriale des individus (Nyock Ilouga et al, 2020). Par exemple, il a été montré que les chômeur•euse•s renonçant à s'engager dans une telle voie conçoivent l'entrepreneuriat comme un domaine où il faut disposer de moyens financiers importants (Pari et al, 2018).…”