“…Different studies have explored the feasibility of creating patient-specific, 3D-printed kidney models for applications including education and pre-surgical planning of complex cases of renal disease, due to the ability of 3D models to superiorly encapsulate anatomic spatial relationships [3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. Whilst conventional volumetric imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the commonly used imaging modalities for guiding pre-operative planning decisions, they are limited to viewing on a two-dimensional (2D) monitor and therefor lack the ability to demonstrate tumour depth-perception.…”