Development of a 3D ordered macroporous RuO2 electrode for efficient pyrazole removal from water

Review on Structural Adjustment Strategies of Titanium‐Based Metal Oxide Dimensionally Stable Anodes in Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Technology

“…[66] Achieving high-efficiency and long-life electrodes remains a great challenge; 2) Titanium-based RuO 2 (Ti/RuO 2 ) has become a promising anode material recently for degrading organic pollutants due to its low cost, good dimensional stability, high efficiency under strongly acidic conditions, high activity for generating strong oxidizers (free radicals), and higher oxygen evolution potential (OEP) (1.9 V). [67][68][69][70] However, there are well-known disadvantages such as low service life and low specific surface area; [71,72] 3) Titanium-based PbO 2 (Ti/PbO 2 ) is obtained by electrodepositing a layer of PbO 2 on the Ti substrate. [73] In the traditional Ti/PbO 2 electrode, PbO 2 coating has poor adhesion, an unstable film, large interface resistance, and short life cycle, which are the major disadvantages of PbO 2 electrode; 4) SnO 2 electrode has the advantages of high OEP, low toxicity and corrosion resistance, and is an excellent electrode material.…”

“…• High efficiency under strongly acidic conditions • High chemical and mechanical resistant • High electrocatalytic activity for generation of strong oxidants (Cl⋅, ⋅OH, [67][68][69][70] • Low service life [71] • Low specific surface area [72] Ti/PbO 2 • Low cost and high electrical conductivity • High OEP (>1.8 V) [15] • Good corrosion resistance [185] and chemical inertness [186] • Poor performance in wastewaters comprising chlorides and inability to resist corrosion [68] • PbO 2 active layer of Ti/PbO 2 is easily exfoliated from the surface of the Ti substrate, especially in sulfuric acid systems, and lead leaching occurs, [69] which leads to poor stability and activity and short electrode life [185,186] Ti/Sb-SnO 2 • Low cost, toxicity, and corrosion resistance • High electrocatalytic activity [110] High OEP (>1.8 V) [187] • High resistivity and short service lifetime [187] Ti/TiO 2 • Good orientation, high mechanical strength, and large specific surface area [80] • Unique unidirectional electron pathway [129] • Semiconducting properties, the poor electrical conductivity [164] voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests in Figure 2f,g show that Ti/Ta 2 O 5 -IrO 2 electrode had higher OEP and larger electrochemical effective surface area (consistent with the SEM image). Higher OEP was beneficial to inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and improve the degradation ability for organic matter.…”

“…In addition, the degradation with Gd-doped lead oxide electrode exhibits higher total organic carbon (TOC) removal capacity, higher current efficiency, and lower energy consumption. Besides, Fe-doped Ti/PbO 2 electrode (Ti/Fe-PbO 2 ), [121] indium-doped Ti/PbO 2 electrode (Ti/In-PbO 2 ), [122] cerium-doped lead dioxide [72] Copyright 2019, Elsevier.…”

“…The degradation mechanism is shown in Figure 5f. [ 72 ] Pourzamani et al [ 117 ] prepared a 3D electrode reactor from a Ti/RuO 2 –TiO 2 electrode in the presence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and electro‐oxidized an aqueous solution containing diclofenac. The 3D electrochemical reactors with MWCNT particle electrodes exhibit high electrocatalytic activity and removal efficiency.…”

“…f ) Schematic diagram of adsorption and degradation of 3D-RuO 2 electrode surface. Reproduced with permission [72]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.…”