“…However, insects are often hidden inside the kernel and are not detected by sieving. To detect both hidden and external insects, the following methods have been developed: flotation and cracking (Brader et al, 2002), acoustic sensor (Gutierez et al, 2010), immunoassay (Krizkova-Kudlikova and Hubert, 2008;Atui et al, 2007), single kernel characterization (SKCS) (Pearson et al, 2003), electrical conductance (Brabec et al, 2010;Pearson and Brabec, 2007), near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (Singh et al, 2009), solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) (Laopongsit et al, 2014), thermal camera imaging (Manickavasagan et al, 2008), and soft eX ray roentgenography (Karunakaran et al, 2004;Nawrocka et al, 2012). Most of these methods are not commercialized or used by the grain industry due to one or some of the following disadvantages: high cost, limited capacity, intensive labour, time consuming, safety issue, and low accuracy.…”