Development of a Method for Quantitation of Glyceraldehyde in Various Body Compartments of Rodents and Humans

Abstract

There is limited information available about the physiological content of glyceraldehyde, a precursor of toxic advanced glycation end products. The conventional derivatization method for aldoses using 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone did not allow reproducible quantification of glyceraldehyde due to the instability of glyceraldehyde compared to other aldoses. We optimized the derivatization condition to achieve high and reproducible recovery of derivatives for liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry quantification. Based on the stability of glyceraldehyde during sample preparation and high recovery of spiked standard, the present method provides reproducible quantification of glyceraldehyde in the body. The glyceraldehyde contents in fasting conditions in the rodent liver (mice: 50.0 ± 3.9 nmol/g; rats: 35.5 ± 4.9 nmol/g) were higher than those in plasma (9.4 ± 1.7 and 7.2 ± 1.2 nmol/mL). The liver glyceraldehyde levels significantly increased after food consumption (p < 0.05) but remained constant in the plasma. High fat diet feeding significantly increased plasma glyceraldehyde levels in mice (p < 0.005). In healthy human volunteers, the plasma glyceraldehyde levels remained unchanged after the consumption of steamed rice. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the plasma glyceraldehyde level was positively correlated with the plasma glucose level (r = 0.84; p < 0.0001).

A comparison of the exposure system of glycidol‐related chemicals on the formation of glycidol‐hemoglobin adducts

“…Glyceraldehyde content in human plasma is about 2–20 μM (1.8 × 10 −4 –1.8 × 10 −3 mg/kg). (Martin‐Morales et al., 2021 ) Allyl alcohol is produced when garlic is heated at 121°C (Chung et al., 2007 ; Laakso et al., 1989 ) and it is metabolized to acrolein by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase in vivo (Mapoles et al., 1994 ). In addition, acrolein is metabolized into acrylic acid (Patel et al., 1980 ), which is used as a raw material for dispersants, flocculants, thickeners, and adhesives (Chan & Chu, 2001 ), and into glyceraldehyde (Patel et al., 1980 ), a glycolytic intermediate of fructose (Sillero et al., 1960 ).…”