“…Particularly, ICA results can be obtained and visually interpreted within 10 min. Up to now, ICA has been extensively applied in the rapid identification of toxins (Lan et al., 2019; Qiu et al., 2019), antibiotics (Hendrickson, Zvereva, Shanin, Zherdev, & Dzantiev, 2019; Yang et al., 2019), food additives (Deng et al., 2019), and other chemicals (Guo et al., 2019; Zvereva, Zherdev, Xu, & Dzantiev, 2018) in food components. As far as the authors know, a few literatures about the immunological methods for detecting PLEs have been reported.…”