Development of a Novel Screening Method for the Isolation of “
            <i>Cronobacter</i>
            ” spp. (
            <i>Enterobacter sakazakii</i>
            )

Iversen, Carol; Druggan, Patrick; Schumacher, Sandra; Lehner, Angelika; Feer, Claudia; Gschwend, Karl; Joosten, Han; Stephan, Roger

doi:10.1128/aem.02801-07

Cited by 66 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Recently, Brady et al (2013) suggested that three nonpathogenic Enterobacter spp. (Enterobacter pulveris, Enterobacter helveticus and Enterobacter turicensis), originally excluded by Iversen et al (2008b), be included as members of Cronobacter, but the current biological basis for this suggestion does not support further revision of the taxon at this time. As a result of this posited taxonomic uncertainty and the fact that no virulence attributes have been ascribed to these organisms, this review will not treat these Enterobacter spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Jaradat

Mousa

Elbetieha

et al. 2014

Journal of Medical Microbiology

105

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The genus Cronobacter consists of a diverse group of Gram-negative bacilli and comprises seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis and Cronobacter condimenti. Cronobacter are regarded as opportunistic pathogens, and have been implicated in newborn and infant infections, causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteraemia or sepsis. Cronobacter virulence is believed to be due to multiple factors. Some strains were found to produce diarrhoea or cause significant fluid accumulation in suckling mice. Two iron acquisition systems (eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA), Cronobacter plasminogen activator gene (cpa), a 17 kb type VI secretion system (T6SS), and a 27 kb filamentous haemagglutinin gene (fhaBC) and associated putative adhesins locus are harboured on a family of RepFIB-related plasmids (pESA3 and pCTU1), suggesting that these are common virulence plasmids; 98 % of 229 tested Cronobacter strains possessed these plasmids. Even though pESA3 and pCTU1 share a common backbone composed of the repA gene and eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA gene clusters, the presence of cpa, T6SS and FHA loci depended on species, demonstrating a strong correlation with the presence of virulence traits, plasmid type and species. Other factors were observed, in that Cronobacter form biofilms, and show unusual resistance to heat, dry and acid stress growth conditions. The outer-membrane protein A is probably one of the bestcharacterized virulence markers of Cronobacter. Furthermore, it was reported that Cronobacter employ phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling, which activates protein kinase C-a and impairs the host cell's mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, in order to invade cells. Cronobacter can also use immature dendritic cells and macrophages to escape the immune response. This review addresses the various virulence and environmental-adaptive characteristics possessed by members of the genus Cronobacter.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Jaradat

Mousa

Elbetieha

et al. 2014

Journal of Medical Microbiology

105

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“…Recently Enterobacter sakazakii has been reclassified as six species in a new genus, Cronobacter, based on geno-and phenotypic evaluation (Iversen et al 2008). C. sakazakii, previously referred to as 'yellow-pigmented E. cloacae' based on differences in DNA-DNA hybridization, biochemical reactions, production of yellow-pigmented colonies and antibiotic susceptibility , is a motile, non-sporeforming, gram-negative foodborne pathogen belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae (Iversen et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Cronobacter sakazakii in Powdered Infant Formula Milk Available in Malaysia

Sani¹,

Ghassem

Babji³

et al. 2014

JSM

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“…The strains of C. sakazakii are allocated in biogroups 1-4, 7, 8, 11 and 13 30 . Cronobacter malonaticus is the closest related to C. sakazakii of all the Cronobacter species 31 and is characterized by the utilization of malonate 32 . This species is negative for indole and dulcitol utilization and include biogroups 5, 9 and 14.…”

Section: Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on these results the three biogroups were designated as three subspecies 33 . These subspecies are generally dulcitol negative and indole production is variable 32 .…”

Section: Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii): An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen

Fakruddin¹,

Rahaman²,

Ahmed³

et al. 2013

Int J of Biomed & Adv Res

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Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii) is an emerging pathogen that causes necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis. This bacterium is opportunistic pathogen and is linked with life-threatening infections in neonates and elderly persons. It is considered as ubiquitous organism and can be found in a broad range of foods & food ingredients and in water, in a variety of areas, including hospitals and houses though outbreaks most commonly associated with the ingestion of contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods has ranked C. sakazakii a “severe hazard for restricted populations.” It poses high tolerance to environmental stresses such as osmotic stress, elevated temperature etc. and decontamination processes and has broad antibiotic resistance and resistance to bile salts and disinfectants. Cronobacter sakazakii may survive in macrophage cells and efficiently attach to and invade epithelial cell lines, produce exopolysaccharide, form biofilm and has active efflux pumps. Controlling the organism in the production environment, thereby reducing dissemination, necessitates the provision of suitable diagnostic tools. Appropriate measures by parents, food and infant formula manufacturers, and health care providers, as well as understanding of the pathogenesis, are important in the prevention of C. sakazakii-related infections.

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Development of a Novel Screening Method for the Isolation of “ Cronobacter ” spp. ( Enterobacter sakazakii )

Cited by 66 publications

References 18 publications

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Incidence of Cronobacter sakazakii in Powdered Infant Formula Milk Available in Malaysia

Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii): An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen

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