Development of a Novel Self-Dissolving Microneedle Array of Alendronate, a Nitrogen-Containing Bisphosphonate: Evaluation of Transdermal Absorption, Safety, and Pharmacological Effects After Application in Rats

Repeat application of microneedles does not alter skin appearance or barrier function and causes no measurable disturbance of serum biomarkers of infection, inflammation or immunity in mice in vivo

“…Nevertheless, only rare and isolated examples of adverse events exist and inappropriate use was the cause in the documented cases [7]. MN insertion typically reduces skin barrier function, as evidenced by increases in transepidermal water loss and causes local inflammation and/or irritation to the skin, illustrated by erythema and oedema [8], [15], [33], [34], [35]. However, these phenomena typically resolve within a period of several hours, with no long lasting effects reported [8], [15], [33], [34], [35].…”

Microneedle/nanoencapsulation-mediated transdermal delivery: Mechanistic insights

“…By penetrating the skin in a minimally-invasive manner, native or drug-loaded MNs create microchannels in the stratum corneum ( SC ) and epidermis as in-skin pathways for drug diffusion. This permits an increase in several orders of magnitude in the passage or dermal targeting of drugs ranging from small hydrophilic molecules such as alendronate [4] to macromolecules, including low molecular weight heparins [5] insulin [6] and vaccines [7,8].…”

Nanostructured lipid carrier-loaded hyaluronic acid microneedles for controlled dermal delivery of a lipophilic molecule

“…In contrast, MNs made with biocompatible and biodegradable polymers can be safely applied to the skin. [4][5][6] Moreover, polymers are generally cost-effective and suitable…”

“…6,14 Secondly, NR was released from the liberated NLCs in a controlled manner and finally reached the target site. During this stage, the NLCs diffused and/or partitioned into the specific dermal layer while releasing the drug slowly.…”