Development of a Prototype 3D PET Scanner Using Semiconductor Detectors and Depth of Interaction Information

Morimoto, Yuichi; Ueno, Y.; Kojima, Shinichi; Takeuchi, Wataru; Ishitsu, Takafumi; Matsuzaki, Kei; Umegaki, Kikuo; Kubo, Naoki; Katoh, Chietsugu; Shiga, Tohru; Tamaki, Nagara

doi:10.1007/978-4-431-98074-2_4

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It must be compact, have a high energy resolution, and withstand a high count rate. Then we adopted the semiconductor detector module we originally developed for nuclear medicine systems [15][16][17].…”

Section: Concept Of the Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic gamma camera for use in high dose environments

Ueno

Takahashi

Ishitsu

et al. 2016

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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We developed a pinhole gamma camera to measure distributions of radioactive material contaminants and to identify radionuclides in extraordinarily high dose regions (1,000 mSv/h). The developed gamma camera is characterized by: (1) tolerance for high dose rate environments; (2) high spatial and spectral resolution for identifying unknown contaminating sources; and (3) good usability for being carried on a robot and remotely controlled. These are achieved by using a compact pixelated detector module with CdTe semiconductors, efficient shielding, and a fine resolution pinhole collimator. The gamma camera weighs less than 100 kg, and its field of view is an 8 m square in the case of a distance of 10 m and its image is divided into 256 (16 x 16) pixels. From the laboratory test, we found the energy resolution at the 662 keV photopeak was 2.3% FWHM, which is enough to identify the radionuclides. We found that the count rate per background dose rate was 220 cps h/mSv and the maximum count rate was 300 kcps, so the maximum dose rate of the environment where the gamma camera can be operated was calculated as 1,400 mSv/h. We investigated the reactor building of Unit 1 at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant using the gamma camera and could identify the unknown contaminating source in the dose rate environment that was as high as 659 mSv/h.

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Section: Concept Of the Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic gamma camera for use in high dose environments

Ueno

Takahashi

Ishitsu

et al. 2016

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…A number of research efforts and designs have been made aiming to achieve ~1 mm resolution in small animal PET (Missimer et al 2004, Yang et al 2004, Vaska et al 2005a, Sempere Roldan 2007, Spanoudaki et al 2007, Bergeron et al 2009), which is an especially appropriate application of CZT given its properties as a 511 keV photon detector material (Vaska et al 2005b, Zhang et al 2005, Mitchell et al 2008, Morimoto et al 2010). Figure 1 shows the high resolution 8 cm × 8 cm × 8 cm field of view (FOV) CZT small animal PET system for which the detector studied is intended (Levin et al 2004a, Habte et al 2007, Matteson et al 2008, Pratx and Levin 2009).…”

Section: Cadmium Zinc Telluride Crystal As An Annihilation Photon mentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of a high-resolution, 3D positioning cadmium zinc telluride detector for PET

Matteson

Skelton

et al. 2011

Phys. Med. Biol.

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This paper investigates the performance of 1 mm resolution Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors for positron emission tomography (PET) capable of positioning the 3-D coordinates of individual 511 keV photon interactions. The detectors comprise 40 mm × 40 mm × 5 mm monolithic CZT crystals that employ a novel cross-strip readout with interspersed steering electrodes to obtain high spatial and energy resolution. The study found a single anode FWHM energy resolution of 3.06±0.39% at 511 keV throughout most the detector volume. Improved resolution is expected with properly shielded front-end electronics. Measurements made using a collimated beam established the efficacy of the steering electrodes in facilitating enhanced charge collection across anodes, as well as a spatial resolution of 0.44±0.07 mm in the direction orthogonal to the electrode planes. Finally, measurements based on coincidence electronic collimation yielded a point spread function with 0.78±0.10 mm FWHM, demonstrating 1 mm spatial resolution capability transverse to the anodes – as expected from the 1 mm anode pitch. These findings indicate that the CZT-based detector concept has excellent performance and shows great promise for a high-resolution PET system.

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“…Properties of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) make it a suitable semiconductor for detecting ionizing radiation (Vaska et al 2005, Zhang et al 2005, Levin et al 2006, Levin 2008, Mitchell et al 2008, Morimoto et al 2010, Gu et al 2011, Levin 2012). We are developing an ultra-high resolution small animal positron emission tomography (PET) system based on a novel 3-D positioning CZT photon detector design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of electrode pattern design for a CZT-based PET detector

Gu¹,

Levin²

2014

Phys. Med. Biol.

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We are developing a 1 mm resolution small animal positron emission tomography (PET) system using 3-D positioning Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) photon detectors comprising 40 mm × 40 mm × 5 mm crystals metalized with a cross-strip electrode pattern with a 1 mm anode strip pitch. We optimized the electrode pattern design for intrinsic sensitivity and spatial, energy and time resolution performance using a test detector comprising cathode and steering electrode strips of varying dimensions. The study found 3 mm and 5 mm width cathode strips locate charge-shared photon interactions near cathode strip boundaries with equal precision. 3 mm width cathode strips exhibited large time resolution variability as a function of photon interaction location between the anode and cathode planes (~26 ns to ~127.5 ns FWHM for 0.5 mm and 4.2 mm depths, respectively). 5 mm width cathode strips by contrast exhibited more stable time resolution for the same interaction locations (~34 ns to ~83 ns FWHM), provided more linear spatial positioning in the direction orthogonal to the electrode planes, and as much as 68.4% improvement in photon sensitivity over the 3 mm wide cathode strips. The results were understood by analyzing the cathode strips’ weighting functions, which indicated a stronger “small pixel” effect in the 3 mm wide cathode strips. Photon sensitivity and anode energy resolution were seen to improve with decreasing steering electrode bias from 0 V to −80 V w.r.t the anode potential. A slight improvement in energy resolution was seen for wider steering electrode strips (400 μm vs. 100 μm) for charge-shared photon interactions. Although this study successfully focused on electrode pattern features for PET performance, the results are generally applicable to semiconductor photon detectors employing cross-trip electrode patterns.

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Development of a Prototype 3D PET Scanner Using Semiconductor Detectors and Depth of Interaction Information

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Spectroscopic gamma camera for use in high dose environments

Spectroscopic gamma camera for use in high dose environments

Study of a high-resolution, 3D positioning cadmium zinc telluride detector for PET

Study of electrode pattern design for a CZT-based PET detector

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