Development of a switchable solvent liquid phase extraction method for the determination of chlorthiamid, ethyl parathion, penconazole and fludioxonil pesticides in well, tap and lake water samples by gas chromatography mass spectrometry

A comprehensive review on recent developments and future perspectives of switchable solvents and their applications in sample preparation techniques

“…Switchable solvents are gradually taking the place of conventional organic solvents in extraction methods. 109,110 Over the past ten years, these solvents have become more and more common when using micro-extraction techniques. 111 Such solvents are capable of transitioning between hydrophobic and hydrophilic states, or vice versa.…”

“…Typically, the hydrophilicity changes when dry ice is added to a solution of amine and water. 109 This triggers the amine's protonation and changes it into its hydrophilic form by using a lone pair of electrons on nitrogen. The switchable solvent changes back to its hydrophobic state after deprotonation through carbon dioxide removal.…”