Development of an autonomous solvent extraction system to isolate astatine-211 from dissolved cyclotron bombarded bismuth targets

Abstract

Cyclotron-produced astatine-211 (211At) shows tremendous promise in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) applications due to its attractive half-life and its 100% α-emission from nearly simultaneous branched alpha decay. Astatine-211 is produced by alpha beam bombardment of naturally monoisotopic bismuth metal (209Bi) via the (α, 2n) reaction. In order to isolate the small mass of 211At (specific activity = 76 GBq·µg−1) from several grams of acid-dissolved Bi metal, a manual milliliter-scale solvent extraction process using diisopropyl ether (DIPE) is routinely performed at the University of Washington. As this process is complex and time consuming, we have developed a fluidic workstation that can perform the method autonomously. The workstation employs two pumps to concurrently deliver the aqueous and organic phases to a mixing tee and in-line phase mixer. The mixed phases are routed to a phase settling reservoir, where they gravity settle. Finally, each respective phase is withdrawn into its respective pump. However, development of a phase boundary sensor, placed in tandem with the phase settling reservoir, was necessary to communicate to the system when withdrawal of the denser aqueous phase was complete (i.e., the intersection of the two phases was located). The development and optimization of the autonomous solvent extraction system is described, and the 211At yields from several ~1.1 GBq-level 211At processing runs are reported.

Ion exchange behavior of astatine and bismuth

“…[37][38][39] The dissolution and purification processes can also be automated to reduce the dose to personnel, and this strategy has been realized in the USA. [42][43][44][45] However, some research studies after the target dissolution again apply elevated temperatures to evaporate the solution to dryness as a required step to convert their matrix to hydrochloric medium. 46 Keeping in mind the At volatility and corresponding radiation safety concerns, a new approach to remotely separate At from Bi in nitric acid media was developed by our team.…”