Development of chitosan-based biodegradable films enriched with thyme essential oil and additives for potential applications in packaging of fresh collard greens

Zehra, Aiman; Wani, Sajad Mohd; Jan, Nusrat; Bhat, Tashooq Ahmad; Rather, Sajad A.; Malik, Attika; Hussain, Syed Zameer

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20751-1

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…We have previously reported strong antimicrobial activity of chitosan or alginate-based films with ZnO and citronella essential oil [13,67]. The literature also reported some antibacterial nanocomposites with thyme essential oil used in specific applications [81,82]. In addition, some packaging films containing ZnO and cinnamon essential oils have been reported lately [83,84].…”

Section: Antibacterial Activity Assaymentioning

confidence: 98%

Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Loaded with Essential Oils

Motelica,

Vasile,

Ficai

et al. 2023

Pharmaceutics

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One major problem with the overuse of antibiotics is that the microorganisms acquire resistance; thus the dose must be increased unsustainably. To overcome this problem, researchers from around the world are actively investigating new types of antimicrobials. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been proven to exhibit strong antimicrobial effects; moreover, the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) considers ZnO as GRAS (generally recognized as safe). Many essential oils have antimicrobial activity and their components do not generate resistance over time. One of the drawbacks is the high volatility of some components, which diminishes the antimicrobial action as they are eliminated. The combination of ZnO NPs and essential oils can synergistically produce a stronger antimicrobial effect, and some of the volatile compounds can be retained on the nanoparticles’ surface, ensuring a better-lasting antimicrobial effect. The samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and thermal analysis (TG-DSC) coupled with analysis of evolved gases using FTIR. The ZnO NPs, with a size of ~35 nm, exhibited a loading between 1.44% and 15.62%—the lower values were specific for limonene-containing oils (e.g., orange, grapefruit, bergamot, or limette), while high values were obtained from cinnamon, minzol, thyme, citronella, and lavender oils—highlighting differences among non-polar terpenes and alcohol or aldehyde derivatives. The antibacterial assay indicated the existence of a synergic action among components and a high dependency on the percentage of loaded oil. Loaded nanoparticles offer immense potential for the development of materials with specific applications, such as wound dressings or food packaging. These nanoparticles can be utilized in scenarios where burst delivery is desired or when prolonged antibacterial activity is sought.

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Section: Antibacterial Activity Assaymentioning

confidence: 98%

Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Loaded with Essential Oils

Motelica,

Vasile,

Ficai

et al. 2023

Pharmaceutics

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“…Exceptionally, chitosan and PVA blend also had considerable degradation equal to that of the essential oil blends. The humidity and chemical structure of the composites of the film play a major role in the biodegradability of the films 27 . The water added to the soil accelerates the decomposition process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The humidity and chemical structure of the composites of the film play a major role in the biodegradability of the films. 27 The water added to the soil accelerates the decomposition process. The moisture present in the soil perforates the polymer linkages making them weak and prone to microbial degradation.…”

Section: Biodegradation Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the efficacy of various essential oils in chitosan‐based composite biopolymer films for food packaging

Thiyagamoorthy,

Sadayandi,

Jeyaraj

et al. 2024

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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To ensure food and environmental safety, biodegradable packaging materials from various natural polymers are being used to preserve the high quality of foods and to increase their shelf life in addition to environmental safety in terms of biodegradability. However, these natural polymers have some disadvantages in functionality. There are many ways to improve functionality, one such way is the addition of essential oils. Therefore, this research work was done to investigate the effectiveness of four diverse essential oils (EOs), namely, lemon‐grass oil (LGO), tea‐tree oil (TTO), thyme oil (THO), and basil oil (BO) in chitosan‐based composite films. The chitosan as a biopolymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a compatibilizer, and four different essential oils@0.3% were blended to form composite food packaging films. These nanofilms had better mechanical strength, elasticity, and film thickness. Thermal stability and change in the weight of chitosan alone and composite films were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the change in film surface morphology. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the base polymer exhibits characteristic peaks at 3400 cm−1 indicating the occurrence of hydrogen‐bonded OH groups, and peaks at 1500–1600 cm−1 corresponding to the amide II band and CO stretch of the acetyl group. Whereas TGA results confirmed the thermal stability of PVA and EO blended films compared to chitosan alone films. The biodegradability of antimicrobial chitosan‐based films exhibited around 15%–19% percentage of degradation in PVA blended films whereas chitosan alone degraded up to 32% after 30 days. Water vapor transmission was high in chitosan alone film (1.9%) and 0.25% in PVA/EO blended films displaying enhancement in hydrophobic qualities of the developed films due to change in hydrophobicity by EO addition. The chitosan and PVA alone films were transparent whereas EO blended films exhibited yellow coloration and became less transparent due to the oil droplets dispersion in films. The shelf life of tomato, bread, and paneer was better in lemongrass and tea tree oil‐incorporated films during storage.

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“…The development of chitosan-based films from edible cricket species and their application in the food industry was investigated by Malm and coworkers [103]. Zehra et al prepared a chitosan-based film with thyme essential oil, zinc oxide (ZnO), polyethylene glycol (PEG), nanoclay (NC), and calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) as additives [104]. Then, the film was tested for the preservation of collard greens under refrigerated conditions for 24 days.…”

Section: Chitosanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure, Properties, and Recent Developments in Polysaccharide- and Aliphatic Polyester-Based Packaging—A Review

Marasinghe,

Jayathunge,

Dassanayake

et al. 2024

J. Compos. Sci.

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Food packaging plays an imperative role in the food processing sector by safeguarding foods from their point of harvesting until the moment of consumption. In recent years, biopolymers have attracted the attention of the scientific community as an alternative to conventional packaging materials. Among the available biopolymer sources, a lot of the focus has been on polysaccharides due to their superior barrier properties against gases, oils, and odors and their processing versatility. Moreover, there is also a growing interest in aliphatic polyester as a potential replacement for petrochemical-based synthetic plastics. Both polysaccharides and aliphatic polyesters have gained popularity in sustainable food packaging due to their unique characteristics, including their low cost, availability, biodegradability, gas and moisture barrier properties, film-forming capabilities, excellent heat resistance, and ability to be processed into films, trays, and coatings. This review highlights the structural features, properties, and recent advancements of several vital polysaccharides, namely, starch, chitosan, cellulose, alginate, pectin, carrageenan, and aliphatic polyesters, including polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) for developing packaging materials, and their applications in the food industry. Conventional packaging and future perspectives of biopolymer-based food packaging are also comprehensively covered in this review.

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Development of chitosan-based biodegradable films enriched with thyme essential oil and additives for potential applications in packaging of fresh collard greens

Cited by 19 publications

References 68 publications

Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Loaded with Essential Oils

Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Loaded with Essential Oils

Exploring the efficacy of various essential oils in chitosan‐based composite biopolymer films for food packaging

Structure, Properties, and Recent Developments in Polysaccharide- and Aliphatic Polyester-Based Packaging—A Review

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