Development of Driving Cycle Construction for Hybrid Electric Bus: A Case Study in Zhengzhou, China

Abstract

A driving cycle is important to accomplish an accurate depiction of a vehicle’s driving characteristics as the traction motor’s flexible response to stop and start commands. In this paper, the driving cycle construction of an urban hybrid electric bus (HEB) in Zhengzhou, China is developed in which a measurement system integrating global positioning and inertial navigation function is used to acquire driving data. The collected data are then divided into acceleration, deceleration, uniform, and stop fragments. Meanwhile, the velocity fragments are classified into seven state clusters according to their average velocities. A transfer matrix applied to reveal the transfer relationship of velocity clusters can be obtained with statistical analysis. In the third stage, a three-part construction method of driving cycle is designed. Firstly, according to the theory of Markov chain, all the alternative parts that satisfy the construction’s precondition are selected based on the transfer matrix and Monte Carlo method. The Zhengzhou urban driving cycle (ZZUDC) could be determined by comparing the performance measure (PM) values subsequently. Eventually, the method and the cycle are validated by the high correlation coefficient (0.9972) with original data of ZZUDC than that of the other driving cycle (0.9746) constructed with traditional micro-trip and as well by comparing several statistical characteristics of ZZUDC and seven international cycles. Particularly, with around 20.5 L/100 km fuel and approximately 12.8 kwh/100 km electricity consumption, there is a narrow gap between the energy consumption of ZZUDC and WVUCITY, and their characteristics are similar.

Well-to-wheel Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission Comparison of Electric and Fossil Fuel Buses: Tehran Case Study

“…In the Markov chain method, every driving pattern in the real world is divided into different modes, such as increasing speed (positive acceleration), decreasing speed (negative acceleration), cruising (uniform speed) and stopping mode (37,46,49). In addition to the average speed and the percentage of stopping time, the amount of vehicle emissions and fuel consumption is also dependent on the change of driving mode (50).…”

Development of Representative Sailing Mode Construction Methodology Using Markov Chain

“…Distinct driving modes have been developed in the automobile industry for city and highway driving since the 1970s to advance driving system development [17]. Authorized driving modes have significantly improved, with various methods being proposed in domestic and international studies, including an analysis of actual road driving patterns and the reconstruction of speed distribution [18], driving mode generation based on the definition of modal events such as acceleration and deceleration probability [19], and the use of conventional methods employing micro-trips [20,21]. However, directly applying these high load factor, the energy efficiency of the ship with the engine propulsion system surpasses that of the electric propulsion system [7,8].…”

Examination of the Development of New Bus Registrations with Alternative Powertrains in Europe

“…In [14], which focuses on direct and indirect carbon emissions, the economic value of the carbon emission reduction of bus electrification in relation to the operational lifecycle carbon footprint, with empirical data sourced from bus electrification in Macau, is studied. In [15], the driving cycle of an urban hybrid electric bus (HEB) in Zhengzhou, China is determined using a measurement system that integrates global positioning and inertial navigation functions to acquire driving data. In [16], the deployment of hybrid buses is analysed.…”