Development of Electrochemical Sensor Using Iron (III) Phthalocyanine/Gold Nanoparticle/Graphene Hybrid Film for Highly Selective Determination of Nicotine in Human Salivary Samples

Abstract

Nicotine is the one of the major addictive substances; the overdose of nicotine (NIC) consumption causes increasing heart rate, blood pressure, stroke, lung cancer, and respiratory illnesses. In this study, we have developed a precise and sensitive electrochemical sensor for nicotine detection in saliva samples. It was built on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with graphene (Gr), iron (III) phthalocyanine-4,4′,4″,4′′′-tetrasulfonic acid (Fe(III)Pc), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/Fe(III)Pc/Gr/GCE). The AuNPs/Fe(III)Pc/Gr nanocomposite was prepared and characterized by using FE-SEM, EDX, and E-mapping techniques to confirm the composite formation as well as the even distribution of elements. Furthermore, the newly prepared AuNPs/Fe(III)Pc/Gr/GCE-nanocomposite-based sensor was used to detect the nicotine in phosphate-buffered solution (0.1 M PBS, pH 7.4). The AuNPs/Fe(III)Pc/Gr/GCE-based sensor offered a linear response against NIC from 0.5 to 27 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 17 nM using the amperometry (i–t curve) technique. This electrochemical sensor demonstrated astounding selectivity and sensitivity during NIC detection in the presence of common interfering molecules in 0.1 M PBS. Moreover, the effect of pH on NIC electro-oxidation was studied, which indicated that PBS with pH 7.4 was the best medium for NIC determination. Finally, the AuNPs/Fe(III)Pc/Gr/GCE sensor was used to accurately determine NIC concentration in human saliva samples, and the recovery percentages were also calculated.

Using Sparfloxacin-Capped Gold Nanoparticles to Modify a Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Sensor for Ethanol Determination

“…The Sp-AuNPs were synthesized using a chemical reduction method [59] (as illustrated in Figure 1). In brief, the 5 mg gold chloride trihydrate (HAuCl 4 .3H 2 O) was dispersed in 5 mL DI water (1 mg/mL) and mixed well using magnetic stirrer at 500 rpm for 5 min at 60 • C (transparent yellow color solution observed).…”

Unprecedented and laborless polymer film of azorubin S for electrocatalytic sensing of nicotine in human serum and saliva

“…Immunochromatographic strip, which is a new generation method for nicotine determination, has some drawbacks such as requiring antibodies and the synthesis of costly gold nanoparticles, having a moderate limit of detection (LOD) (i. e. 0.123 μM), being not tested in human fluids, and subjecting it to a 2‐day process to convert the nicotine into analyzable form before analysis [13]. In contrast to these methods, electrochemical sensing techniques [1, 2, 4–6, 14–22] (Table S1) have gained significant relevance owing to their simplicity, speed, sensitivity, portability, selectivity, robustness, and cheapness.…”