Development of interdisciplinary protocols on medico-legal documentation of torture: Sleep deprivation

Søndergaard, Elna; Skilbeck, Rupert; Shir, Efrat

doi:10.7146/torture.v29i2.115600

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…We believe the high rate of suicidal ideation hinges on the development of hallucinations, which is a consequence of malnutrition/starvation, electrolyte imbalances (especially phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium), pain due to constant retching and vomiting, and extreme sleep deprivation. 4,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73] These are common elements found in HG. 74 Women experiencing hallucinations are not likely to freely admit to them for fear of being branded "crazy," forced to take psychiatric drugs, and faced with possible institutionalization and the real threat of removal of their neonate upon delivery.…”

Section: Presenting Descriptions Of the Women Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gestational malnutrition, hyperemesis gravidarum, and Wernicke's encephalopathy: What is missing?

Erick

2022

Nut in Clin Prac

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Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), or the severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, is one of the most dreaded complications of gestation, affecting between 1.5% and 3.0% of pregnant women. From the late 1800s to the mid-1980s, the etiology was frequently cited to have psychological and/or-laterperhaps hormonal origins, which have numbered at least 10. Current research has unearthed a genetic basis for HG that implicates growth differentiation factor 15, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7, and hormone receptors (namely, glial cell line-derived neurogenic factor family receptor alpha-like and the progesterone receptor). Whatever the origins of this disease, it has caused immeasurable physiological and psychological damage to women, their fetuses, and their families. The psychological trauma includes a high rate of suicidal ideation as well as posttraumatic stress disorder. Whereas the healthcare costs are substantial for the mother with HG, the lifetime costs to the neonate include that which accompanies reduced employment earnings related to cognitive compromise. Another devastating outcome of severe HG can be Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE), which has a high fetal and maternal mortality rate. Our study explored 18 current reports of HG and WE. We highlighted additional presenting features we believe also accompany, and sometimes replace, the classically taught triad components of WE: ataxia, confabulation, and nystagmus. We agree with the conclusion made by Sheehan and Ironside in 1939 that thiamin alone may not reverse WE, and we offer possible explanations. Lastly, we offer suggestions for remediation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Presenting Descriptions Of the Women Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gestational malnutrition, hyperemesis gravidarum, and Wernicke's encephalopathy: What is missing?

Erick

2022

Nut in Clin Prac

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“…The Protocol has been developed based on an interdisciplinary methodology developed by DIGNITY -Danish Institute against Torture, Public Committee Against Torture in Israel (PCATI) and REDRESS involving the following steps: compilation and review of health and legal knowledge on threats; initial drafting by the lead author; discussion among the members of the International Expert Group on Psychological Torture 1 , and pilot-testing (cf. Søndergaard et al 2019). This follows the same methodology as the protocols on sleep deprivation (Pérez-Sales et al 2019) and solitary confinement (this issue) produced by the same authors.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protocol on medico-legal documentation of threats

Pérez–Sales¹,

Brasholt

Podolian³

et al. 2023

torture

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Introduction. The use of threats remains prevalentin law enforcement practices in manyparts of the world. In studies with torture survivors,credible and immediate threats havebeen considered a distinctly harmful methodof torture. Notwithstanding this prevalence,there is a considerable degree of difficulty inlegally substantiating and establishing harmsproduced by threatening acts. It is also generallydifficult to clearly identify the harmsthat go beyond the fear and stress inherent(therefore not unlawful) in law enforcementpractices. We present a Protocol on Medico-Legal Documentation of Threats. The aimof the Protocol is to improve documentationand assessment of harms so that stronger legalclaims can be submitted to local and internationalcomplaints mechanisms.Methods. The Protocol has been developedbased on a methodology initiated by the PublicCommittee against Torture in Israel (PCATI),REDRESS and the DIGNITY - Danish Instituteagainst Torture (DIGNITY) involving:compilation and review of health and legalknowledge on threats; initial drafting by thelead author; discussion among the members ofthe International Expert Group on PsychologicalTorture; pilot-testing in Ukraine by localNGO Forpost; adjustments were made accordingto the results of the pilot study.Results. We present the final Protocol anda Quick Interviewing Guide. This Protocol iscognisant of the significance of the specificsocial, cultural, and political contexts in whichthreats are made and might be subjected to adaptationsto specific contexts. We hope that itwill improve the documentation of threats asa torture method or as part of a torturing environment,as well as inform efforts on theirprevention more broadly.

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“…Many report feelings of estrangement from self and others, and experiences of confusion (Perez-Sales, 2017; Sveaass, 2009).…”

Section: Consequences Of Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protocol on medico-legal documentation of solitary confinement

Brasholt

Søndergaard

Sveaass

et al. 2023

torture

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Introduction. This Protocol originates froma joint project regarding documentation ofpsychological torture initiated by the PublicCommittee against Torture in Israel (PCATI),REDRESS and DIGNITY - Danish InstituteAgainst Torture (DIGNITY) in 2015 afterthe Copenhagen Conference on PsychologicalTorture. The project is a vehicle to establisha common understanding between healthand legal professions as to how to best ensurethe most accurate documentation of torture.The aim of the Protocol is to improve documentationof solitary confinement and thereforeto clarify the facts of the case so thatstronger legal claims can subsequently be submittedto local and international complaintsmechanisms. The Protocol has been developedbased on a methodology involving a compilationand review of legal and health knowledgeon solitary confinement and discussionsamong the authors and in a group of internationalexperts.Methods and Results. This Protocol iscognisant of the significance of the specificsocial, cultural and political contexts in whichsolitary confinement is used. We hope that thisProtocol will assist in the discussions betweenthe various stakeholders and provide guidanceon what can be documented and how to documenttorture.

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Development of interdisciplinary protocols on medico-legal documentation of torture: Sleep deprivation

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

Gestational malnutrition, hyperemesis gravidarum, and Wernicke's encephalopathy: What is missing?

Gestational malnutrition, hyperemesis gravidarum, and Wernicke's encephalopathy: What is missing?

Protocol on medico-legal documentation of threats

Protocol on medico-legal documentation of solitary confinement

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