Development of Ion Chemosensors Based on Porphyrin Analogues

Abstract

Sensing of metal ions and anions is of great importance because of their widespread distribution in environmental systems and biological processes. Colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensors based on organic molecular species have been demonstrated to be effective for the detection of various ions and possess the significant advantages of low cost, high sensitivity, and convenient implementation. Of the available classes of organic molecules, porphyrin analogues possess inherently many advantageous features, making them suitable for the design of ion chemosensors, with the targeted sensing behavior achieved and easily modulated based on their following characteristics: (1) NH moieties properly disposed for binding of anions through cooperative hydrogen-bonding interactions; (2) multiple pyrrolic N atoms or other heteroatoms for selectively chelating metal ions; (3) variability of macrocycle size and peripheral substitution for modulation of ion selectivity and sensitivity; and (4) tunable near-infrared emission and good biocompatibility. In this Review, design strategies, sensing mechanisms, and sensing performance of ion chemosensors based on porphyrin analogues are described by use of extensive examples. Ion chemosensors based on normal porphyrins and linear oligopyrroles are also briefly described. This Review provides valuable information for researchers of related areas and thus may inspire the development of more practical and effective approaches for designing high-performance ion chemosensors based on porphyrin analogues and other relevant compounds.

Modular Preparation of Graphene‐Based Functional Architectures through Two‐Step Organic Reactions: Towards High‐Performance Energy Storage

“…A similari ncreasei nt he height profile has also been observed in both chemically modified GO and other chemically functionalized graphene systems. [51][52][53][54][55] Conversely,f errocene is aw ell-known redoxactive molecule, which has been shown to represent as uitable buildingb lock for applications in sensing, electrochemically switchable devices and memories, and so forth. The TEM study indicates very thin flake structures of ethylenediamine-modified GO.…”

o,p‐Dimethoxybiphenyl Arylamine Substituted Porphyrins as Hole‐Transport Materials: Electrochemical, Photophysical, and Carrier Mobility Characterization

“…(1) where E 1/2 (Ox1) is the first oxidation potential of each porphyrin and E 1/2 (Fc/Fc + ) is the reference ferrocene/ferrocenium couple measured under the same conditions. (1) where E 1/2 (Ox1) is the first oxidation potential of each porphyrin and E 1/2 (Fc/Fc + ) is the reference ferrocene/ferrocenium couple measured under the same conditions.…”

“…The development of organic electronic materials based on porphyrins is an active research field that is a key element in many devices such as sensors, [1] light-emitting diodes [2] and solar cells. [3] Originally, porphyrins have been the focus of photochemical studies because of their presence in photoactive biological systems.…”

Practical Pd(TFA)2-Catalyzed Aerobic [4+1] Annulation for the Synthesis of Pyrroles via “One-Pot” Cascade Reactions

“…What is more, when Pd(TFA)2 was used as the catalyst, the yield of product 4a was improved to 82% (entry 12). Then other Pd species were screened, and PdCl2, PdCl2(PPh3)2, PdCl(CH3CN)2, and Pd(PPh3)4 were found to afford the products in poor reaction yields (entries [13][14][15][16]. Additionally, when the reaction was carried out for 1.5 h, a slightly higher yield was achieved (86%, entry 17).…”

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