Development of liquid phase microextraction based on manual shaking and ultrasound-assisted emulsification method for analysis of organochlorine pesticides in aqueous samples

Recent development in analysis of persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention

“…To manipulate extraction efficiency, various dispersants and non-polar solvents were also combined and optimized for extraction of different POPs [32,43,44,49]. DLLME could sometimes be used without dispersant.…”

Low-density solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography for determination of warfarin in human plasma

“…Various kinds of design were developed using less toxic non-chloro solvent to replace chlorinated extraction solvent [21][22][23]. Water-immiscible extraction solvent was dispersed into the aqueous sample solution under the assistance of ultrasound to form an emulsion, without using disperser solvent [24,25]. In other studies, acetone, methanol, and acetonitrile, usually served as disperser solvents in DLLME, were used as chemical demulsifiers to break up the dispersed system into two separate phases [26,27].…”

Determination of Pesticides in Water and Vegetable Matter by Manual Shaking-Enhanced, Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Microextraction Combined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

“…A study done by Huang and co-workers [28] found that maximum peak area was achieved with 10 s of manual shaking and there was no significant increase for longer times. Here, with manual shaking, the EF was significantly higher than the EF value obtained from no manual shaking.…”

“…The approach reported by Fontana and co-workers mixed honey samples with extraction solvent, Triton X-114, and used manual shaking to generate a homogeneous solution [27]. The work performed by Huang et al showed that manual shaking for 10 s before ultrasound-assisted emulsification enhances the extraction efficiency of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by >100% in aqueous samples [28].…”