Development of multiple complications in type 2 diabetes is associated with the increase of multiple markers of chronic inflammation

Abstract

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are known at risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), nephropathy, and cancer. We were interested to find out whether multiple markers associated with chronic inflammation are detectable in patients with T2DM and are increased in patients with T2DM who developed additional clinical complications. A sequence of multiple risk markers for atherogenesis, associated with chronic inflammation, was measured in patients with T2DM before and after the development of clinical complications. We found that multiple clinical complications frequently developed simultaneously in patients with T2DM. At the early stage of T2DM, only low levels and low percent elevations of multiple risk markers were detected. However, both the level and the percent elevation of these markers were found to increase with disease progression and the development of clinical complications. We believe that chronic inflammation not only contributes to the pathogenesis of T2DM but also continues to increase in T2DM patients who are developing additional clinical complications. It appears that these multiple markers are potentially useful not only for monitoring the progression of T2DM but also predicting the risk of developing macro-and microvascular disease, nephropathy, and cancer.

Comparación del contenido fenólico, capacidad antioxidante y actividad antiinflamatoria de infusiones herbales comerciales

“…A nivel celular, el estrés oxidativo puede dañar proteínas, lípidos y otras biomoléculas causando eventualmente inflamación sistemática crónica, implicada en diversas enfermedades crónicas (Halliwell et al, 2005;Hwang et al, 2008). Los proceso inflamatorios están regulados por diversos mediadores a través de diferentes mecanismos de acción; uno de estos mediadores es la enzima ciclooxigenasa-2 (COX-2), la cual se encuentra sobreexpresada durante 38%, luteolin-7-O-rutinoside 3.5%, hesperidin 2.9%, diosmin 0.8%, isoroifolin 0.6%, narirutin 0.3%, rosmarinic acid 3.7% and caffeic acid 0.05% (Sroka et al, 2005).…”

“…At cell level, oxidative stress can damage proteins, lipids and other biomolecules eventually causing chronic systemic inflammation, implied in several chronic diseases (Halliwell et al, 2005;Hwang et al, 2008 Cuadro 3. Cuantificación de compuestos fenólicos presentes en infusiones por HPLC.…”

The effect of aerobic versus strength-based training on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in older adults

“…There is scientiWc evidence pointing to atherosclerosis as an inXammatory disease (De Haro et al 2008;Hamer and Stamatakis 2008;Virani et al 2008) and some of the most prevalent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases have been shown to have a pro-inXammatory action including high lipid levels (Kim et al 2007), hypertension (Imatoh et al 2007;Hamer and Stamatakis 2008), diabetes (Porrini et al 2007;Hwang et al 2008) and obesity (Hamer and Stamatakis 2008;Piestrzeniewicz et al 2008). C-reactive protein (CRP), a sensitive marker of inXammation, has also been related to increased risk of vascular disease (Koenig et al 1999;Kuller et al 1996;Ridker et al 1998a;Ridker et al 2002;Ridker et al 2003).…”

Insight in modulation of inflammation in response to diclofenac intervention: a human intervention study

“…Established inflammatory markers are mostly associated with obesity-related diseases like cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes [ 9 , 13 , 16 ]. The subjects in the current study were overweight and relatively healthy, i.e.…”

“…Other inflammatory markers include cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), which can regulate CRP release [ 11 , 12 ], and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), adhesion molecules such as VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin [ 13 ] and eicosanoids like prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ) [ 14 , 15 ]. In type-2 diabetes, levels of multiple inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, adhesion molecules) are elevated in an early disease stage and increased further with disease progression [ 16 ]. Plasma sialic acid level also rises in association with metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes, and appears to be a marker of acute micro vesicular endothelial damage [ 17 - 19 ].…”