Development of the Middle Layer in the Anther of Arabidopsis

Xue, Jing-Shi; Yao, Cheng; Xu, Qin-Lin; Sui, Chang-Xu; Jia, Xin‐Lei; Hu, Wenjing; Lv, Yong-Lin; Feng, Yi-Feng; Peng, Yu-Jia; Shen, Shiyi; Lou, Yuxia; Yang, Zhong‐Nan

doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.634114

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…A single layer of endothecium cells was observed in the anther wall of the analyzed R. idaeus cultivars. The cells of this tissue in other species described in the literature were found to form from one to several layers [91][92][93]. The endothecium cells in the red raspberry anthers described in the present study radially elongated, which is consistent with data reported by Çetinbaş and Ünal 2015 [94].…”

Section: Structure Of Epidermis and Endothecium Cellssupporting

confidence: 91%

Structure of Anther Epidermis and Endothecium, Production of Pollen, and Content of Selected Nutrients in Pollen Grains from Six Rubus idaeus L. Cultivars

Kostryco¹,

Chwil²

2021

Agronomy

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Poland is the largest European Union producer of Rubus idaeus. This species provides insects with nectar and pollen from June to September. The rationale behind the present research is the increasing commercial production and the use of food attractants for pollinators increasing fruit yields. The intensive search for phytochemicals applicable in industry and phytotherapy together with the unavailability of data on anther epidermis and endothecium structure justify undertaking these investigations. The pollen mass, the content of elements, protein, and fat, as well as the composition of amino acids and fatty acids in the pollen of six R. idaeus cultivars were compared. In terms of pollen production, the cultivars ranked as follows: ’Pokusa’ < ‘Polana’ < ‘Glen Ample’ < ‘Polka’ < ‘Radziejowa’ < ‘Laszka’. The protein content (26–31%) in the pollen indicates its good quality and high attractiveness. Exogenous amino acids, including those with dietary importance, constituted a substantial proportion (33–39%). The content of MUFAs and PUFAs was 32–47% and 3.7–9.1%, respectively. The presence of elements that determine the nutritional value and proper development of pollen was detected in the mineral composition of the exine. The data on the epidermis and endothecium structure provide new information about the micromorphology, anatomy, ultrastructure of and generative organs and auxiliary criteria in the taxonomy of related species.

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Section: Structure Of Epidermis and Endothecium Cellssupporting

confidence: 91%

Structure of Anther Epidermis and Endothecium, Production of Pollen, and Content of Selected Nutrients in Pollen Grains from Six Rubus idaeus L. Cultivars

Kostryco¹,

Chwil²

2021

Agronomy

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“…Although the p35S has been considered a constitutive promoter, some studies indicate it is not active during pollen development and early embryogenesis ( Wilkinson et al, 1997 ; Custers et al, 1999 ; Sunilkumar et al, 2002 ). Recently, a study reported that the p35S promoter is active in the epidermis and endothecium but not active in the middle layer, tapetum, or microspores in anthers ( Xue et al, 2021 ), which supports our interpretation that the loss of cPGI restrictedly in the tapetum and pollen would sufficiently abolish the formation of a tetrad. Our data further suggest that such anther defects cannot be remedied metabolically by the adjacent cells or the source tissues containing the functional cPGI-YFP in the p35S::cPGI-YFP cpgi-3 (−/−) plants.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Cytosolic phosphoglucose isomerase is essential for microsporogenesis and embryogenesis in Arabidopsis

et al. 2022

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Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) catalyzes the interconversion of fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate, which impacts cell carbon metabolic flow. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains two nuclear PGI genes respectively encoding plastidial PGI1 and cytosolic PGI (cPGI). Loss of PGI1 impairs the conversion of F6P of the Calvin-Benson cycle to G6P for the synthesis of transitory starch in leaf chloroplasts. Since cpgi knockout mutants have not yet been obtained, they are thought to be lethal. The cpgi lethality can be rescued by expressing CaMV 35S promoter (p35S)-driven cPGI; however, the complemented line is completely sterile due to pollen degeneration. Here, we generated a cpgi mutant expressing p35S::cPGI-YFP in which YFP fluorescence in developing anthers was undetectable specifically in the tapetum and in pollen, which could be associated with male sterility. We also generated RNAi-cPGI knockdown lines with strong cPGI repression in floral buds that exhibited reduced male fertility due to the degeneration of most pollen. Histological analyses indicated that the synthesis of intersporal callose walls was impaired, causing microsporocytes to fail to separate haploid daughter nuclei to form tetrads, which might be responsible for subsequent pollen degeneration. We successfully isolated cpgi knockout mutants in the progeny of a heterozygous cpgi mutant floral-dipped with sugar solutions. The rescued cpgi mutants exhibited diminished young vegetative growth, reduced female fertility, and impaired intersporal callose wall formation in a meiocyte, and, thus, male sterility. Collectively, our data suggest that cPGI plays a vital role in carbohydrate partitioning, which is indispensable for microsporogenesis and early embryogenesis.

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“…The endothecium, probably serving as an energy storage tissue, stores starch and is associated with anther dehiscence for pollen grain release (van der Linde & Walbot, 2019 ). Little is known about the function of the middle layer, which disappears entirely at stage 11 (Xue et al ., 2021 ). The tapetum facilitates the flow of nutrients and water for microspore development and secretes exine components for pollen formation (van der Linde & Walbot, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sucrose rather than GA transported by AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 supports pollen fitness at late anther development stages

et al. 2022

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Both sugar and the hormone gibberellin (GA) are essential for anther-enclosed pollen development and thus for plant productivity in flowering plants. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14, which are expressed in anthers and associated with seed yield, transport both sucrose and GA. However, it is still unclear which substrate transported by them directly affects anther development and seed yield.Histochemical staining, cross-sectioning and microscopy imaging techniques were used to investigate and interpret the phenotypes of the atsweet13;14 double mutant during anther development. Genetic complementation of atsweet13;14 using AtSWEET9, which transports sucrose but not GA, and the GA transporter AtNPF3.1, respectively, was conducted to test the substrate preference relevant to the biological process.The loss of both AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 resulted in reduced pollen viability and therefore decreased pollen germination. AtSWEET9 fully rescued the defects in pollen viability and germination of atsweet13;14, whereas AtNPF3.1 failed to do so, indicating that AtSWEET13/ 14-mediated sucrose rather than GA is essential for pollen fertility.AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 function mainly at the anther wall during late anther development stages, and they probably are responsible for sucrose efflux into locules to support pollen development to maturation, which is vital for subsequent pollen viability and germination.

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Development of the Middle Layer in the Anther of Arabidopsis

Cited by 20 publications

References 38 publications

Structure of Anther Epidermis and Endothecium, Production of Pollen, and Content of Selected Nutrients in Pollen Grains from Six Rubus idaeus L. Cultivars

Structure of Anther Epidermis and Endothecium, Production of Pollen, and Content of Selected Nutrients in Pollen Grains from Six Rubus idaeus L. Cultivars

Cytosolic phosphoglucose isomerase is essential for microsporogenesis and embryogenesis in Arabidopsis

Sucrose rather than GA transported by AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 supports pollen fitness at late anther development stages

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