The digital environment has altered the means of social interaction and information transmission, creating new media and models of cultural communication. Despite extensive investigations of the effect of digital communication on handicraft intangible cultural heritage (ICH), research on the relationship between factors influencing digital communication of handicraft ICH is relatively scarce. In this study, therefore, we obtained data related to influencing factors of digital handicraft ICH communication through in-depth interviews and text analysis. Then, using grounded theory, five core factors were found to have significant effects on the digital communication of handicraft ICH: digital communication awareness, initiative of cultural communication, adaptability of digital technology, audience acceptance and cognition, and uncontrollable factors. Furthermore, by analyzing the relationships among the five independent variables, a theoretical model of “consciousness–behavior–attitude” was constructed. Finally, the action mechanism of the theoretical model was identified and tested, and the action modes of each influencing factor were found to be inconsistent. Antecedent factors were directly proportional to consciousness–behavior, situational factors were inversely proportional to consciousness–behavior, and regulatory factors were inversely proportional to behavior–attitude. In addition, situational factors and regulatory factors had a positive impact on antecedent factors.