Developmental changes of protein, proline and some antioxidant enzymes activities in somatic and zygotic embryos of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.)

Chemical Compositions, Somatic Embryogenesis, and Somaclonal Variation in Cumin

“…Chemical characters including the content of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, protein, proline, essential oil, and its composition of two landraces of cumin were measured. It is worth noting that catalase and ascorbate peroxidase play an important role in the maturity of plant tissues and their high activities affect somatic embryogenesis [10, 16, 17]. Each essential oil is made up of numerous different organic molecules and some of these including terpenic hydrocarbons, alcohols, and phenols existing in the essential oil are among the genetic properties affecting somatic embryogenesis [18–20].…”

“…Somatic embryogenesis is a model system for understanding the physiological, biochemical, and molecular biological events occurring during plant embryo development [4]. Studies showed that various genotypes in a plant species have different embryogenesis capabilities, depending on genetic and biochemical properties, ability level of key elements in regeneration path, and also endogenous phytohormones metabolism [10]. Dave and Batra [11] conducted the first study of somatic embryogenesis in cumin using different explants including root, hypocotyls, and cotyledons.…”

“…The researchers observed that elimination of auxin from medium can lead to the continuation of somatic embryogenesis [8, 12, 13]. Measurement of chemical compositions such as contents of proline, protein, and antioxidant enzymes including catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase has been used as a marker to evaluate somatic embryogenesis in different studies [10, 14, 15]. Studies suggest that antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase play an important role in maturity and differentiation of plant tissues and their high activity affects cellular processes such as somatic embryogenesis [10, 16, 17].…”

“…Measurement of chemical compositions such as contents of proline, protein, and antioxidant enzymes including catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase has been used as a marker to evaluate somatic embryogenesis in different studies [10, 14, 15]. Studies suggest that antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase play an important role in maturity and differentiation of plant tissues and their high activity affects cellular processes such as somatic embryogenesis [10, 16, 17]. Terpenic hydrocarbons, alcohols, and phenols existing in the essential oil of plants are among the genetic properties affecting somatic embryogenesis.…”

Somatic Embryogenesis in Annatto (Bixa orellana L.)

“…They can help us to understand better the factors that lead somatic cells to resume meristematic characteristics and acquire competence to form somatic embryos; furthermore, histodifferentiation in SE can provide the information necessary to understand the embryogenesis process in plants (Corredoira et al 2006;Moura et al 2008;von Aderkas et al 2015). Histochemical analyzes have allowed a better understanding of the mobilization of reserves and energetic demands during the somatic embryos development (Cangahuala-Inocente et al 2004Moura et al 2010;Rocha et al 2012;Jariteh et al 2015). This subject is well-approached in Chap.…”