Developmental Outcomes at 24 Months of Age in Toddlers Supplemented with Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid: Results of a Double Blind Randomized, Controlled Trial

Devlin, Angela M.; Chau, Cecil M. Y.; Dyer, Roger; Matheson, Julie; McCarthy, Deanna; Yurko-Mauro, Karin; Innis, Sheila M.; Grunau, Ruth E.

doi:10.3390/nu9090975

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The positive correlation seen between ARA and omega-3 fatty acids corresponds with observations made in other studies [42,43]. For example, Luxwolda et al have found a bell curve relationship between erythrocyte omega--3 fatty acid and ARA [42].…”

Section: Cognitive Functioningsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…It appears that the incorporation of omega--3 and omega--6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids into cell membrane is highly regulated and the balance between the two fatty acid families is critical for orderly structural organisation and function of cellular and subcellular membranes. At the same time, studies have found that ARA supplementation improves infant neurodevelopment including cognition and language development [43][44][45]. Further studies are required to better understand the role of ARA in normal growth and development.…”

Section: Cognitive Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Randomized open-label trial of docosahexaenoic acid–enriched fish oil and fish meal on cognitive and behavioral functioning in Omani children

et al. 2019

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Section: Cognitive Functioningsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Cognitive Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Randomized open-label trial of docosahexaenoic acid–enriched fish oil and fish meal on cognitive and behavioral functioning in Omani children

et al. 2019

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“…There were eight RCTs involving n = 2532 infants [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 ]. Only two trials included infants that were breastfed [ 74 , 90 ] and the majority included only term-born infants [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 59 , 60 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 90 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only two trials included infants that were breastfed [ 74 , 90 ] and the majority included only term-born infants [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 59 , 60 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 90 ]. One RCT provided fish oil or olive oil capsules that were added to formula or breastmilk [ 74 ], one provided sprinkles to add to food [ 90 ], and six RCTs compared infant formula supplemented with DHA to infant formula devoid of DHA [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 86 , 87 , 88 ]. Infants received doses of DHA ranging from 0.12 to 0.96% of total fatty acids present in formula [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 86 , 87 , 88 ], or 250 to 280 mg DHA as oil per day [ 74 ], or up to 200 mg/d through sprinkles [ 90 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of DHA on Language Development: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of DHA Supplementation in Pregnancy, the Neonatal Period, and Infancy

et al. 2020

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This review summarizes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in the first 1000 days on child language. Six databases were searched and RCTs were included if they involved supplementation with DHA during pregnancy, to preterm infants, or during the postpartum period, included a placebo group with less or no DHA, and reported a language outcome. We included 29 RCTs involving n = 10,405 participants from 49 publications. There was a total of 84 language measures at ages ranging from 3 months to 12 years. Of the 84 assessments, there were 4 instances where the DHA group had improved scores, and 2 instances where the DHA group had worse scores (with the majority of these significant effects found within one RCT). The remaining comparisons were null. A few RCTs that included subgroup analyses reported (inconsistent) effects. There was limited evidence that DHA supplementation had any effect on language development, although there were some rare instances of both possible positive and adverse effects, particularly within population subgroups. It is important that any subgroup effects are verified in future trials that are adequately powered to confirm such effects.

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“…DHA is considered essential for the cortical circuit maturation in the developing brain, and ARA is also critical for childhood growth, brain development and health [26]. In this matter, infants who received a supplement containing ARA (200 mg/day) and DHA (200 mg/day) from 12-24 months of age showed better cognition and language skills compared to those without supplementation [27]. An interesting issue is that the EF tested in the COGNIS study was supplemented with ARA (0.45%) and DHA (0.32%), while the SF only contained linoleic and α-linolenic acids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a Functional Nutrients-Enriched Infant Formula on Language Development in Healthy Children at Four Years Old

et al. 2020

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Nutrition during early life is essential for brain development and establishes the basis for cognitive and language skills development. It is well established that breastfeeding, compared to formula feeding, has been traditionally associated with increased neurodevelopmental scores up to early adulthood. We analyzed the long-term effects of a new infant formula enriched with bioactive compounds on healthy children’s language development at four years old. In a randomized double-blind COGNIS study, 122 children attended the follow-up call at four years. From them, 89 children were fed a standard infant formula (SF, n = 46) or an experimental infant formula enriched with functional nutrients (EF, n = 43) during their first 18 months of life. As a reference group, 33 exclusively breastfed (BF) were included. Language development was assessed using the Oral Language Task of Navarra-Revised (PLON-R). ANCOVA, chi-square test, and logistic regression models were performed. EF children seemed to show higher scores in use of language and oral spontaneous expression than SF children, and both SF and EF groups did not differ from the BF group. Moreover, it seems that SF children were more frequently categorized into “need to improve and delayed” in the use of language than EF children, and might more frequently present “need to improve and delayed” in the PLON-R total score than BF children. Finally, the results suggest that SF children presented a higher risk of suffering language development than BF children. Secondary analysis also showed a slight trend between low socioeconomic status and poorer language skills. The functional compound-enriched infant formula seems to be associated with beneficial long-term effects in the development of child’s language at four years old in a similar way to breastfed infants.

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Developmental Outcomes at 24 Months of Age in Toddlers Supplemented with Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid: Results of a Double Blind Randomized, Controlled Trial

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Randomized open-label trial of docosahexaenoic acid–enriched fish oil and fish meal on cognitive and behavioral functioning in Omani children

Randomized open-label trial of docosahexaenoic acid–enriched fish oil and fish meal on cognitive and behavioral functioning in Omani children

The Influence of DHA on Language Development: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of DHA Supplementation in Pregnancy, the Neonatal Period, and Infancy

Influence of a Functional Nutrients-Enriched Infant Formula on Language Development in Healthy Children at Four Years Old

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