Developmental Patterning by Mechanical Signals in
            <i>Arabidopsis</i>

Hamant, Olivier; Heisler, Marcus G.; Jönsson, Henrik; Krupinski, Pawel; Uyttewaal, Magalie; Bokov, Plamen; Corson, Francis; Sahlin, Patrick; Boudaoud, Arezki; Meyerowitz, Elliot M.; Couder, Y.; Traas, Jan

doi:10.1126/science.1165594

Cited by 833 publications

(1,128 citation statements)

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“…This is also supported by the fact that leaves and shoot apical meristems, where cells contain chloroplasts, have more severe image degradation than roots, which lack chloroplasts. [21,22] The ellipsoidal shape and high refractive index of chloroplasts [25,32] indicate that they may serve as convex lenses to refract light. Also, we noticed that the phase contrast was inverted from white to black in chloroplasts (Figure 1(c), (e)), indicating that the mean phase of the rays through the chloroplasts was mostly inverted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[21,22] Many epidermal cells with a planoconvex shape function as lens to focus light on chloroplasts in the subadjacent mesophyll cells, most likely to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis, and cylindrical rhizoid cells of bryophytes also refract light as lenses. [19,23,24] These lens effects appear to be caused by the plant cell wall; the cell wall has a refractive index of 1.41 À 1.52 in flowering plants, [20,[25][26][27] a value higher than the refractive indices of medium (n ¼ 1.33) and cytosol (n ¼ 1.35 À 1.39, estimated from that in animal cells).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical Property Analyses of Plant Cells for Adaptive Optics Microscopy

Tamada

Murata

Hattori

et al. 2014

International Journal of Optomechatronics

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In astronomy, adaptive optics (AO) can be used to cancel aberrations caused by atmospheric turbulence and to perform diffraction-limited observation of astronomical objects from the ground. AO can also be applied to microscopy, to cancel aberrations caused by cellular structures and to perform high-resolution live imaging. As a step toward the application of AO to microscopy, here we analyzed the optical properties of plant cells. We used leaves of the moss Physcomitrella patens, which have a single layer of cells and are thus suitable for optical analysis. Observation of the cells with bright field and phase contrast microscopy, and image degradation analysis using fluorescent beads demonstrated that chloroplasts provide the main source of optical degradations. Unexpectedly, the cell wall, which was thought to be a major obstacle, has only a minor effect. Such information provides the basis for the application of AO to microscopy for the observation of plant cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Property Analyses of Plant Cells for Adaptive Optics Microscopy

Tamada

Murata

Hattori

et al. 2014

International Journal of Optomechatronics

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“…Moreover, it has been suggested that there are tensile stresses along veins (Bohn et al, 2002;Corson et al, 2009) and that growth direction can be dictated by mechanical stresses in the tissue (Hamant et al, 2008). It is likely, therefore, that growth in vascular tissue is oriented along vascular paths.…”

Section: Growth Patterns Suggest Growth Differences Between Vascular mentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Method for Quantifying Growth Patterns at the Adaxial Leaf Surface in Three Dimensions

Remmler

Rolland‐Lagan

2012

Plant Physiol.

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Growth patterns vary in space and time as an organ develops, leading to shape and size changes. Quantifying spatiotemporal variations in organ growth throughout development is therefore crucial to understand how organ shape is controlled. We present a novel method and computational tools to quantify spatial patterns of growth from three-dimensional data at the adaxial surface of leaves. Growth patterns are first calculated by semiautomatically tracking microscopic fluorescent particles applied to the leaf surface. Results from multiple leaf samples are then combined to generate mean maps of various growth descriptors, including relative growth, directionality, and anisotropy. The method was applied to the first rosette leaf of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and revealed clear spatiotemporal patterns, which can be interpreted in terms of gradients in concentrations of growth-regulating substances. As surface growth is tracked in three dimensions, the method is applicable to young leaves as they first emerge and to nonflat leaves. The semiautomated software tools developed allow for a high throughput of data, and the algorithms for generating mean maps of growth open the way for standardized comparative analyses of growth patterns.

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“…Microtubules are suggested to be associated with regions of indentation (often termed the neck), putatively resulting in anisotropic reinforcement of these regions by guiding CESA complexes and preferential deposition of cellulose microfibrils (Panteris and Galatis, 2005;Belteton et al, 2018). For simpler cell shapes, it is known that microtubules reorient in the direction of maximal mechanical stress (Williamson, 1990;Hamant et al, 2008). Whether the microtubule arrays experimentally observed in pavement cells equally correlate with stress patterns, however, was unknown for lack of information on stress distribution.…”

Section: Stress Development In Plant Cells Correlates With Morphogenementioning

confidence: 99%