Developmental patterns of macronutrient intake in female and male rats from weaning to maturity

Leibowitz, Sarah F.; Lucas, Dolores J.; Leibowitz, Karen L.; Jhanwar, Yuliya

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90578-c

Cited by 83 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…For example, young rat pups require protein, carbohydrate and fat to grow, but once they reach puberty their intake of protein declines and carbohydrate and fat dominate the diet (Leibowitz et al 1991). Male and female rats have different intake trajectories, with males consuming more protein as they grow, presumably to sustain their greater size and muscle mass.…”

Section: Moving Targets In Developmental Timementioning

confidence: 99%

The nature of nutrition: a unifying framework

Simpson

Raubenheimer

2011

Aust. J. Zool.

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Abstract. We present a graphical approach, which we believe can help to integrate nutrition into the broader biological sciences, and introduce generality into the applied nutritional sciences. This 'Geometric Framework' takes account of the fact that animals need multiple nutrients in changing amounts and balance, and that nutrients come packaged in foods that are often hard to find, dangerous to subdue and costly to process. We then show how the Geometric Framework has been used to understand the links between nutrition and relevant aspects of the biology of individual animals. These aspects include the physiological mechanisms that direct the nutritional interactions of the animal with its environment, and the fitness consequences of these interactions. Having considered the implications of diet for individuals, we show that these effects can translate into the collective behaviour of groups and societies, and in turn ramify throughout food webs to influence the structure of ecosystems.

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Section: Moving Targets In Developmental Timementioning

confidence: 99%

The nature of nutrition: a unifying framework

Simpson

Raubenheimer

2011

Aust. J. Zool.

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“…This steroid has a potent stimulatory action on GAL gene expression in the anterior pituitary (243) or peptide levels in the hypothalamus (244), while hypothalamic GAL rises around puberty when circulating estrogen peaks (245). Since appetite for fat also increases dramatically at puberty (246), the possibility that estrogen may be involved in this phenomenon, through its stimulatory actions on GAL, needs to be explored.…”

Section: Additional Steroid-peptide Systems Involved In Nutrient Ingementioning

confidence: 99%

Adrenal Steroid Receptors: Interactions with Brain Neuropeptide Systems in Relation to Nutrient Intake and Metabolism

Tempel

Leibowitz

1994

J Neuroendocrinology

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195

127

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The glucocorticoid, corticosterone (CORT), is believed to have an important function in modulating nutrient ingestion and metabolism. Recent evidence described in this review suggests that the effects of this adrenal hormone are mediated through two steroid receptor subtypes, the type I mineralocorticoid receptor and the type II glucocorticoid receptor. These receptors, which have different affinities for CORT, respond to different levels of circulating hormone. They mediate distinct effects of the steroid, which can be distinguished by the specific nutrient ingested and by the particular period of the circadian cycle.Under normal physiological conditions, the type I receptor is tonically activated, either by low basal levels of circulating CORT (0.5-2 pg%) normally available across the circadian cycle or possibly by the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. This type I activation is required for the maintenance of fat ingestion and fat deposition that occurs during most meals of the feeding cycle. In contrast, the type II receptor is phasically activated by moderate levels of CORT (2-1 0 pg%) normally reached during the circadian peak. Activation of this receptor is required for the natural surge in carbohydrate ingestion and metabolism that is essential at the onset of the active feeding cycle when the body's glycogen stores are at their nadir, and gluconeogenesis is needed to maintain blood glucose levels. This receptor is also activated during periods of increased energy requirements, such as, after exercise and food restriction, when CORT levels rise further ( > 10 pg%) and when its catabolic effects on fat and protein stores predominate to provide additional substrates for glucose homeostasis. These functions of CORT on fat and carbohydrate balance are mediated, in part, by type I and type II receptors located within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which is known to have key functions in controlling nutrient intake and metabolism, as well as circulating CORT levels. Moreover, the type II receptors within this nucleus, in addition to the arcuate nucleus, may interact positively with the peptide, neuropeptide Y, and the catecholamine, norepinephrine, both of which act to enhance natural carbohydrate feeding and CORT release at the onset of the natural feeding cycle.Thus, under normal conditions, endogenous CORT has a primary function in controlling nutrient ingestion and metabolism over the natural circadian cycle, through the coordinated action of the type I and type II steroid receptor systems. Through this action, CORT has impact on total caloric intake and body weight gain over the long term. Moreover, under conditions of obesity, diabetes and food restriction, steroid receptor function is greatly disturbed in association with chronic high circulating levels of CORT and abnormal glucose homeostasis. These disturbances in steroid action, along with dysfunction in brain neurochemical processes, very possibly contribute to the maintenance of hyperphagia and body weight gain in obese and diabetic ...

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“…This is further supported by the evidence showing a preferential effect of NPY on carbohydrate ingestion (132,161,186), its greater potency at the onset of the feeding cycle (172), and the dependence of this behavioral response on circulating CORT and the activation of glucocorticoid receptors (163,174,175). Inyoung animals atweaning, adramatic switch occurs from a dependence on fats to increased utilization and ingestion of carbohydrates (102,134). At this time, a similar relationship betweenCORT andNPY inthe ARC isverylikely involved in generating this shift in behavioral, endocrine, and metabolic functions.…”

Section: Possible Physiological Functions Of Hypothalamic Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…The specific states when GAL may be active include the middle period of the natural feeding cycle and around the time of puberty, when natural appetite for fat and PVN GAL show a dramatic rise. There is further evidence that GAL may also be related to body weight gain at these particular times (4,102,179).…”

Section: Possible Physiological Functions Of Hypothalamic Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This schedule of maturation and the sex differences in theNPY system, inrelationto circulating CORT, is associated with patterns of increased ingestion of carbohydrate (50% of total diet), relative to fat (5%-15%), both in weaning animals and in females relative to males (54,102). Whereas the sex difference in hypothalamic NPY may become even stronger at puberty, particularly inthe MPO (13), due to the sharp rise ingonadalsteroids (35,77,105,169),it isclearly evidentbefore puberty, by postnatal day 28, along with the hypersecretion of CORT and higher carbohydrateintake (102,105,133).…”

Section: Shifts In Brain Peptides Across Physiological States and Stagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brain Peptides and Obesity: Pharmacologic Treatment

Leibowitz

1995

Obesity Research

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104

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LEIBOWITZ, SARAH F. Brain peptides and obesity: pharmacologic treatment. ObesRes. 1995;3(Supp14):573S-5893. Obesity results from an imbalance between nutrient ingestion andmetabolism,withmore calories being ingested than utilized. Thebrain plays animportant roleincoordinating these complex behavioral and physiologicalfunctions, operating through multiple neurochemical systems with distinct properties. This review focuses on two hypothalamicpeptide systems, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL), that illustrate how the brain operates through different mechanisms to control the body's nutrient stores, in different states o r conditions. These peptides have different behavioralandphysiologicaleffects andare,themselves,differentially responsive to feedback signals from circulating steroids,peptides,and nutrients. They canbedistinguishedby their relation to natural feeding patterns and endogenous hormones and by their specificity of action in relation to natural biological rhythms.Theneuroanatomicalsubstrates involved in these actionsaf NPY and GAL are also distinct. The neurocircuit mediating NPY's actions originates in the arcuatenucleus and terminates in the medial portion of the paraventricular nucleus; the GAGcontaining neurons, in contrast, are concentrated in the lateral portion of the paraventricular nucleus, in addition to the medial preoptic area, which contribute to 1ocalGALinnervation as wellas projections to the median eminence. Regarding their distinct functions, the evidence suggests that the NPY system is more closely related to patterns of carbohydrate ingestion andcarbohydrate utilization, channeling nutrients towards the synthesisoffat. Itismost strongly activatedatthestartoftheactive feeding cycle or afterweaning,in close association with the adrenal steroid,corticosterone. The GAL system,in contrast, is more closely associated with patterns of fat consumption and signals related to fat oxidation. This peptide systemis most active duringthemiddleof the feeding cycle or immediately afterpuberty,in close associationwith the gonadal steroids. The gene expression and synthesis of these peptides in their respective neuronal cell groups is inhibited by circulating insulin and altered by dietary nutriFrom the Rockefeller University, New York, NY

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Developmental patterns of macronutrient intake in female and male rats from weaning to maturity

Cited by 83 publications

References 30 publications

The nature of nutrition: a unifying framework

The nature of nutrition: a unifying framework

Adrenal Steroid Receptors: Interactions with Brain Neuropeptide Systems in Relation to Nutrient Intake and Metabolism

Brain Peptides and Obesity: Pharmacologic Treatment

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