Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy is Associated With Diabetic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: The Silesia Diabetes-Heart Project

Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes: From Microvascular to Macrovascular Pathways

“…End-stage renal disease (ESRD): This represents the ultimate stage of kidney dysfunction, characterized by a significant decline in kidney function that requires the implementation of renal replacement therapies, such as dialysis or kidney transplantation [ 22 ].…”

“…Properly controlling hypertension is crucial to minimizing the risk of kidney damage. Healthcare professionals frequently prescribe medications such as ACE inhibitors and ARBs [ 22 , 23 ]. Lifestyle adjustments, such as adopting a low-sodium diet and engaging in regular exercise, can effectively contribute to managing blood pressure and enhancing overall health.…”

“…In summary, preventing and managing cardiovascular complications in individuals with diabetes requires a holistic approach. Implementing lifestyle modifications that prioritize dietary adjustments, regular physical activity, and effective weight management strategies is crucial for enhancing cardiovascular outcomes [ 22 ]. Pharmacological interventions aimed at glycemic control and reducing cardiovascular risks, such as antiplatelet agents, statins, and other lipid-lowering drugs, are paramount in managing cardiovascular risk.…”

“…Integrating genetic risk profiles into cardiovascular risk assessments enables the implementation of focused interventions for individuals with elevated genetic risk. Machine learning algorithms can analyze extensive datasets to identify personalized risk factors, thereby facilitating the implementation of customized preventive strategies [ 22 ]. Pharmacogenomics is a field of study that focuses on comprehending an individual's genetic response to medications to inform the selection of therapies that are both effective and safe.…”

Overview of Ethnobotanical–Pharmacological Studies Carried Out on Medicinal Plants from the Serra da Estrela Natural Park: Focus on Their Antidiabetic Potential

“…The onset of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance leads to the accumulation of free fatty acids, lipid peroxidation, the disruption of cellular antioxidant defences, and inflammatory reactions [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Although some of the underlying mechanisms are uncertain, all these factors contribute to the disturbance of the integrity of physiological barriers [ 9 ], mainly by altering the vascular integrity of tissues, and may contribute to the clinically recognised complications of diabetes (hypertension, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, chronic kidney disease, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and others) [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. T2DM is often associated with fatty liver, sleep apnea syndrome, depression, cognitive decline, and dementia [ 16 ].…”