Diamond Synthesis

Wentorf, R. H.

doi:10.1002/9780470143551.ch5

Cited by 27 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The findings of cohenite in basaltic rocks associated with metallic iron and graphite [43], as well as the idea that iron carbide may be an indicator of high pressures proposed by A. Ringwood, allowed for the potential genetic connection between cohenite and not only graphite but also diamond to be established in the 1960s [44][45][46]. The genetic link between diamond and iron carbides has been repeatedly discussed in modern theoretical and experimental studies related to the investigation of the global carbon cycle and diamond formation processes [31,[47][48][49]. Therefore, the existing evidence suggests a genetic connection between Fe-Ni metals, carbides, and the processes of diamond and graphite formation in relatively reduced mantle domains under metal-saturated conditions.…”

Section: Carbonates Carbonate Melts and Co 2 Fluid As Potential Carbo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diamond Formation via Carbonate or CO2 Reduction under Pressures and Temperatures of the Lithospheric Mantle: Review of Experimental Data

Bataleva

Palyanov

2023

Minerals

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Existing ideas about the polygenic origin of diamonds in nature involve various processes, mechanisms, and driving forces for diamond crystallization, including redox reactions, changes in P-T conditions, evolution of melt or fluid composition, and others. According to classical models, in the lithospheric mantle, diamond formation occurs at depths of 120–210 km and temperatures of 900–1500 °C as a result of metasomatic processes. The driving forces in these models are considered to be redox reactions leading to the reduction of carbonates, carbonate melts, or CO2 to elemental carbon. In this study, we provide a review and systematization, as well as experimental issues and possible future directions of experimental studies, on diamond crystallization from carbonate carbon through redox reactions at P,T (pressure, temperature) conditions relevant to the lithospheric mantle. These studies have demonstrated that silicon, metals (FeSi, Fe, Fe-Nialloys), carbides (SiC, Fe3C, Fe7C3), reduced components of C-O-H fluid, sulfides/sulfide melts, Fe-S-C melts, and the application of an electric field (potential difference) can act as reducing agents for carbonate/carbonate-bearing melts or CO2 fluid, leading to the formation of diamond and graphite. The experimental data reviewed in this paper not only indicate the fundamental possibility of diamond formation from carbonate carbon through the reduction of carbonate, carbonate-bearing phases, or CO2 in the mantle, but also reveal the characteristic features of the resulting diamonds. Furthermore, the significance of potential reducing agents (fluid, sulfide, silicon, metal, and carbide) in various geodynamic settings, including the lithospheric mantle at depths insufficient for stabilizing iron or carbides, has been identified.

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Section: Carbonates Carbonate Melts and Co 2 Fluid As Potential Carbo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diamond Formation via Carbonate or CO2 Reduction under Pressures and Temperatures of the Lithospheric Mantle: Review of Experimental Data

Bataleva

Palyanov

2023

Minerals

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“…In 1973, General Electric patented the use of a carbide-supported PCD drill bit for use in oil and gas drilling [10]. From then onwards, PCD cutters made inroads into various material removal industries such as the machining of wood-based products [11], non-ferrous metals [12] and most recently, composites [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties of polycrystalline diamond: a literature review

Scott

2017

Advances in Applied Ceramics

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Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) is an extremely high-performance cutting tool material used in the machining of rock, high-strength, non-ferrous metal alloys and carbon-fibre-reinforced composites. It is favoured for its exceptional hardness and wear resistance which results in at least an order of magnitude improvement in performance over previous technologies in almost all metrics. However, PCD suffers from unpredictable brittle fracture and degradation at high temperature during service which limits its capabilities in cutting applications. The literature on the link between its microstructure and its mechanical properties, including strength, toughness and flaw size distribution as measured by pseudo-static tests, is investigated. The conclusions of the seminal paper on this topic are re-examined in the light of modern ceramics research and an alternative explanation is put forth for the strengthgrain size relationship published in this paper. All known literature values for strength and toughness vs. grain size and binder content are collated showing no overall trend in strength with binder content but moderate trends in all other combinations. The common claim of weak grain boundaries is brought into question in the light of the lack of any evidence of this fracture mode being evident in pseudo-static tests. The industrial literature on wear testing and failure modes of PCD in service and service-like tests is examined to bridge the gap between pseudo-static and dynamic, application-based experiments. Six main failure modes are recorded and summarised with intergranular fracture being the most conspicuously absent from the pseudo-static tests. It is suggested that the temperature generated by friction in dynamic tests causes the weakening of grain boundaries, resulting in a transition from transgranular to intergranular fracture and a call for further research in this area is made.

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“…High mechanical and thermal resistance of the synthetic diamond used in Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) cutters, have increased application of fixed-cutter bits in the drilling industry [1]. Since 1971 that PDCs were manufactured by the General Electric Company for the first time [2], the application of fixed-cutter bits has been developed by improvements in cutters efficiency. PDC is currently the hardest synthetic material produced for rock drilling applications [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of PDC Cutter Interface Geometry Using 3D FEM Modelling

Heydarshahy

Karekal

2017

JERA

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Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) cutters have been popularly used in recent times due to their resistance against mechanical and thermal wear. This paper was focused on interface geometries between the substrate and the diamond table. Various types of interfaces were designed, to investigate how different interface geometries influence distribution of stress and strain under shear loading. The interface geometries examined in this paper included castle interface, dent interface, honeycomb interface and chase interface. Parallel to the interface, shear loading was applied to the top of diamond table to mimic the shear loading component from the rock cutting. To apply the shear loading, two locations were considered for each of the geometries. These locations differed depending on the interface features. Stress and strain distribution and values across different interface geometries were analysed with the aid of 3D Finite Element Method (FEM). The numerical simulations indicated that stress and strain magnitudes and distribution patterns varied in relation to different geometries. Some substrates showed relatively lower plastic strain representing higher durability of the geometries. Concentration of stress and strain distribution showed the areas where one could expect weakness. It also implies that rotating the PDC cutter assemblies around their cylindrical axis helps avoiding fatigue of interface elements in regions of high stress concentration; and thus, preventing premature failure of interface elements.

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Diamond Synthesis

Cited by 27 publications

References 27 publications

Diamond Formation via Carbonate or CO2 Reduction under Pressures and Temperatures of the Lithospheric Mantle: Review of Experimental Data

Diamond Formation via Carbonate or CO2 Reduction under Pressures and Temperatures of the Lithospheric Mantle: Review of Experimental Data

The influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties of polycrystalline diamond: a literature review

Investigation of PDC Cutter Interface Geometry Using 3D FEM Modelling

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