Diarrhea: Case definition and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data

Gidudu, Jane; Sack, David A.; Pina, Mónica; Hudson, Michael J.; Kohl, Katrin; P, Bishop; Chatterjee, Arani; Chiappini, Elena; Compingbutra, A.; Costa, Cécilia Da; Fernandopulle, Rohini; Fischer, Thea Kølsen; Haber, Penina; Masana, W.; Menezes, Martins R. de; Kang, Gagandeep; Khuri‐Bulos, Najwa; Killion, Leslie; Nair, Chandrasekharan K; Poerschke, Gabriele; Rath, Barbara; Salazar–Lindo, Eduardo; Setse, Rosanna; Wenger, Peter; Wong, Virginia; Zaman, Khalequz

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.065

Cited by 57 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The WHO case definition of diarrhea (three or more loose/watery stools in 24 hours) was used as the primary classification of diarrhea. 30 Students were also requested to indicate the consistency of feces produced during their most recent bowel movement on a chart adapted from the Bristol Stool Scale. 31 This visual aid includes seven images of stools that range in consistency from hard spheres to watery liquid.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access to Waterless Hand Sanitizer Improves Student Hand Hygiene Behavior in Primary Schools in Nairobi, Kenya

Pickering¹,

Davis²,

Blum³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

111

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Abstract. Handwashing is difficult in settings with limited resources and water access. In primary schools within urban Kibera, Kenya, we investigated the impact of providing waterless hand sanitizer on student hand hygiene behavior. Two schools received a waterless hand sanitizer intervention, two schools received a handwashing with soap intervention, and two schools received no intervention. Hand cleaning behavior after toilet use was monitored for 2 months using structured observation. Hand cleaning after toileting was 82% at sanitizer schools (N = 2,507 toileting events), 38% at soap schools (N = 3,429), and 37% at control schools (N = 2,797). Students at sanitizer schools were 23% less likely to have observed rhinorrhea than control students (P = 0.02); reductions in student-reported gastrointestinal and respiratory illness symptoms were not statistically significant. Providing waterless hand sanitizer markedly increased student hand cleaning after toilet use, whereas the soap intervention did not. Waterless hand sanitizer may be a promising option to improve student hand cleansing behavior, particularly in schools with limited water access.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access to Waterless Hand Sanitizer Improves Student Hand Hygiene Behavior in Primary Schools in Nairobi, Kenya

Pickering¹,

Davis²,

Blum³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The exclusion criteria were as follows: having a history of anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity to eggs, chicken protein, or other components of the influenza vaccine; having had a systemic hypersensitivity reaction to any drug or substance including neomycin, formaldehyde, the Triton X-100 (octoxynol 9), egg or chicken protein, or after the administration of this vaccine or any vaccine containing the same components; having severe acute illness (e.g. fever above 38·5°C and diarrhea, according to Gidudu 14) at the time of vaccination; being under treatment with immune suppressant drugs; and having received any other vaccine in the last 3 weeks.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of influenza vaccination of schoolchildren in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 2009

Gattás

Cardoso

Mondini

et al. 2015

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundChildren play an important role in maintaining the transmission of influenza. Evidence suggests that vaccination of school-age children can reduce transmission to unvaccinated household contacts. We evaluated the direct and indirect effectiveness of the 2009 inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine in vaccinated schoolchildren and their unvaccinated household contacts.MethodsThis was a double-blind cluster randomized trial involving 10 schools and 1742 schoolchildren as well as 5406 household contacts. The schools were randomly assigned to receive the influenza vaccine or the control vaccine. After vaccination, the schoolchildren and household contacts were followed for 6 months to identify cases of acute respiratory infection (ARI). Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed for the diagnosis of influenza.ResultsA total of 632 ARI cases were detected. Of those, 103 tested positive for influenza virus (influenza virus A[H1N1]pdm09 virus in 55 and seasonal influenza viruses in 48). The effectiveness of the vaccine in protecting against seasonal influenza virus infection was 65·0% for the household contacts (95% CI, 19·6–84·3) and 65·0% for the schoolchildren (95% CI, 20·9–84·5).ConclusionVaccination of schoolchildren significantly protected them and their household contacts against seasonal influenza.

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“…Diarrhea is the passage of three or more loose or watery stools per 24 hours or an increase in stool frequency or liquidity that is mother of under-five child considered as abnormal [1,2]. It is associated with many factors and causes fluid loss, in so doing contributes to the death of large number of children [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of delay in care seeking for diarrheal diseases among mothers/caregivers with under-five children in public health facilities of Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia; 2019

2020

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Background Timely and appropriate health care seeking for diarrhea of under-five children is important to reduce severe and life-threatening complications. However, different findings indicate that mothers of under-five children often delay in seeking care which in turn contributes to the death of large number of children without ever reaching a health facility. Therefore, a proper pinpointing of determinants of delay in seeking care informs intervention strategies for health service planners. Objectives Of this study was to identify the determinants of delay in care seeking for diarrheal disease among mothers/caregivers of under-five children in public health facilities of Arba Minch town, South Ethiopia, 2019. Methods Facility based case control study was conducted from March 4 to April 30, 2019. Total sample size was 400. Cases were selected by systematic random sampling technique while controls were mothers of under-five children with signs and symptoms of diarrhea who came to the same health facility within 24 hours following cases. Data was collected by using pretested structured questionnaire by three data collectors and entered into EpiData V4 and exported to SPSS V23 for further analysis. Bivariable logistic regression was done to identify variables candidate for Multivariable LR at p-value<0.25. Multivariable logistic regression was done and p-value <0.05 and 95%CI of AOR was used to declare statistical significance.

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Diarrhea: Case definition and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data

Cited by 57 publications

References 66 publications

Access to Waterless Hand Sanitizer Improves Student Hand Hygiene Behavior in Primary Schools in Nairobi, Kenya

Access to Waterless Hand Sanitizer Improves Student Hand Hygiene Behavior in Primary Schools in Nairobi, Kenya

Effectiveness of influenza vaccination of schoolchildren in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 2009

Determinants of delay in care seeking for diarrheal diseases among mothers/caregivers with under-five children in public health facilities of Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia; 2019

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