Diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- infected patients: Where did all the microsporidia go?

Ke, Mönkemüller; Bussian, AH; Lazenby, Audrey J.; Wilcox, C. Mel

doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(98)84237-6

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Although cryptosporidium is commonly associated with chronic diarrhoea in HIV-positive persons, it can also cause cholera-like explosive diarrhoea and intermittent acute and relapsing illnesses. Microsporidia (Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis) are other important protozoa causing diarrhoea in AIDS patients [35][36][37][38]. In a study from New York, microsporidia were found in 39% of AIDS patients undergoing Malnutrition in HIV/AIDS: Aetiopathogenesis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90477 gastrointestinal evaluation for diarrhoea [39].…”

Section: Infectious Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But this high prevalence is uncommon in other parts of the USA and the rest of the world [36]. Isospora belli is an endemic gastrointestinal pathogen among PLHA in Haiti, but it is uncommon in the USA [36,37]. The widespread use of trimethoprim-co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii may be the reason for this low prevalence: Isospora being very susceptible to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.…”

Section: Infectious Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The widespread use of trimethoprim-co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii may be the reason for this low prevalence: Isospora being very susceptible to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Cyclospora have also been identified in HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhoea in low-to middle-income countries (LMIC) [35][36][37]. Amoebic dysentery or invasive amoebic disease like liver abscess or amoeboma is not more common in PLHA than in the general population even in developing countries.…”

Section: Infectious Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malnutrition in HIV/AIDS: Aetiopathogenesis

Sashindran¹,

Thakur²

2020

Nutrition and HIV/AIDS - Implication for Treatment, Prevention and Cure

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HIV/AIDS can cause malnutrition directly and also indirectly through opportunistic infections (OIs). Infectious diarrhoea and tuberculosis are the commonest OIs linked to malnutrition in HIV/AIDS. Environmental enteric dysfunction has now been identified to play a significant role in HIV-malnutrition. Food insecurity is bidirectionally associated with aggravation and perpetuation of HIV infection. Increasingly, drugs used in antiretroviral therapy have been recognised to lead malnutrition in many ways. Both HIV and malnutrition are most prevalent in the poorest areas of the world, and there is a convergence of etiological factors. Malnutrition depresses every aspect of immune function. Deficiency of key micronutrients like iron, folic acid, zinc, selenium and vitamins A, C and D also adversely affects immune function. Recent research has led to a greater understanding of these mechanisms. Immune dysfunction secondary to malnutrition is referred to as nutrition-associated immunodeficiency. Hence it is easy to surmise that malnutrition and HIV/AIDs are a deadly duo.

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Section: Infectious Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Infectious Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Infectious Diarrhoeamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malnutrition in HIV/AIDS: Aetiopathogenesis

Sashindran¹,

Thakur²

2020

Nutrition and HIV/AIDS - Implication for Treatment, Prevention and Cure

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“…In some studies of HIVinfected patients with chronic diarrhea, microsporidia are the most commonly identified pathogens. In a study from New York (32), microsporidia were found in 39% of AIDS patients undergoing gastrointestinal evaluation for diarrhea; however, in other areas throughout the world, this pathogen appears to be rare (33). These differences in the prevalence of microsporidiosis are unexplained.…”

Section: Histoplasma Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Diarrhea in AIDS

Mönkemüller

Wilcox

2000

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

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Chronic diarrhea is a common problem in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), resulting in significant morbidity and potential mortality. In the early stages of immunodeficiency, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are susceptible to infection with the same enteric pathogens that cause diarrhea in immunocompetent hosts, but with progressive immunodeficiency, these patients become susceptible to numerous opportunistic disorders. The main factor to consider when tailoring the work-up of diarrhea in the HIV-infected patient is the immune status, which is reflected by the total CD4 lymphocyte cell count. A CD4 count of less than 100 cells/µL is significantly correlated with opportunistic disorders. For the HIV-infected patient with diarrhea, repeated stool studies to investigate for bacteria, ova and parasites should be the first step. When either upper or lower gastrointestinal tract symptoms are present and stool studies are negative, endoscopy directed to the probable organ of involvement is appropriate. If localizing symptoms are absent, the most appropriate next test is sigmoidoscopy with biopsies. Not infrequently, despite extensive evaluation, the cause of diarrhea in patients with AIDS remains unexplained. Recently, the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, including protease inhibitors, has led to a change in the epidemiology of diarrhea in AIDS patients. As their immune status improves, HIV-infected patients treated with combination therapy become less prone to opportunistic disorders. However, diarrhea appears to be frequent because several antiretroviral agents can themselves cause diarrhea.

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Diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- infected patients: Where did all the microsporidia go?

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Malnutrition in HIV/AIDS: Aetiopathogenesis

Malnutrition in HIV/AIDS: Aetiopathogenesis

Investigation of Diarrhea in AIDS

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