Diarrhoeal Diseases in Developing Countries: A Situational Analysis

Kumar, Santosh; Subitha, L

doi:10.3126/kumj.v10i2.7351

Cited by 27 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…25 Indiscriminate stool disposal by the mothers, lack of hand-washing before feeding their children and hand-washing without soap were associated with increased risk. 26 The prevalence of diarrhea varies according to education of mother being significantly lower among children of more educated mothers (secondary or higher) than among children of mothers with no or primary education. This is probably because more education provides the knowledge of the rules of hygiene, feeding and weaning practices, the interpretation of symptoms and enhances timely action to childhood illness.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on selected behavioral factors of mothers influencing acute diarrhoea in under- five children in a rural part of Kerala, India

Sethi

Saju

Navya

et al. 2016

Int J Community Med Public Health

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INTRODUCTION Globally, diarrhea accounts for 2 million deaths per year. Health is affected by environmental conditions and economic status. The public health importance of some practices like hand washing and food hygiene are important in reduction of diarrhea. Socioeconomic factors may directly or indirectly affect environmental, behavioral and nutritional risk factors. The prevalence of hand washing practice in Kerala was found to be 35%. 1 Low socioeconomic status, scarcity of potable water, behavioural factors such as unhygienic practices, inadequate sanitation, faulty feeding practices, all may cause diarrhoea in children. 2,3 According to WHO 2012 data, diarrhoeal disease alone amounts to an estimated 3.6 % of the total DALY global burden of disease and is responsible for the deaths of 1.5 million people every year. It is estimated that 58% of that burden, or 842 000 deaths per year, is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene and includes ABSTRACT Background: Diarrhoea remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among underfive children. Globally it accounts for 2 million deaths per year. Diarrhoea is the third most common cause of death in underfive children, responsible for 13% deaths in India each year. Behaviour can also depend upon the socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic factors affect environmental, behavioral and nutritional risk factors. Proper nutrition, especially exclusive breast feeding is one of the most important interventions for its control .Inadequate personal hygiene along with other environmental factors are responsible for 90% of diarrhea. The objective is to assess behavioral factors of mothers influencing diarrhoea in underfive children. Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural area among 103 mothers of underfive children with acute diarrhoea in the past six months. Results: Most mothers were in the higher income 80 (77.6%) group. Those who practised handwashing after toilet and before cooking was 96 (93.2%). Proportion of mothers using boiled water for drinking was 99(96.1%); bottle feeding 77(74.8%); and practised sanitary waste disposal methods 93(90.3%). The practice of using boiled water was statistically significant among higher income group (P =0.047). Occupation of the mother was significantly associated with the habit of child's eatingout (P=0.019). Conclusions: This study shows that the practice of handwashing and use of boiled water for drinking was lower among lower socioeconomic families. This warrants need to create awareness about it among low socioeconomic families in rural areas.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on selected behavioral factors of mothers influencing acute diarrhoea in under- five children in a rural part of Kerala, India

Sethi

Saju

Navya

et al. 2016

Int J Community Med Public Health

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“…Timely recognition, high index of suspicion and thorough understanding of various clinical signs in different types of dehydration is necessary to ensure their correction in preventing the deaths. 4 No recent studies are available from the present place of study in identifying the different types of electrolyte disturbances. Hence the present study mainly focuses on the different types of biochemical alterations and electrolyte disturbances in cases of acute diarrhoea among children attending the tertiary care centre.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective study on biochemical disturbances among cases of acute diarrhoea in children attending a tertiary care hospital of South India

Ankireddy¹,

Kumar²

2018

Int J Contemp Pediatr

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Background: Diarrhoea is one of the commonest clinical entities encountered regularly in clinical practice. In India, at least 1.5 million children die due to acute diarrhoea per year. Timely recognition, high index of suspicion and thorough understanding of various clinical signs in different types of dehydration is necessary in preventing the deaths. The present study focuses on the different types of biochemical alterations and electrolyte disturbances in cases of acute diarrhoea among children.Methods: A prospective study with ethical committee consent was done at a tertiary care hospital for two years in department of Paediatrics. All cases of acute diarrhoea attending with signs and symptoms of moderate and severe dehydration were included. Clinical history and necessary biochemical investigations including serum electrolytes were performed. The results and data were entered in an excel sheet and analysed.Results: 250 cases were enrolled in the study with males (57.6%) and females (42.4%). 1month to 5 years with 84 cases (33.6%) was the most common age group with mean age of 11.48± 2.4 years. History of passage of loose motions was with a frequency ranging from 6-12 /day with a mean frequency was 8.12/day. 80.8%cases had some kind of electrolyte abnormality with majority having isolated Hyponatremia and a combined Hyponatremia and Hypokalemia (33.6%) each.Conclusions: Diarrhoeal disorders can be easily prevented with proper hand hygiene practices, health awareness programmes, increased breast-feeding practices and proper disinfection of water. Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, combined Hyponatremia and hypokalemia are major electrolyte abnormalities in cases of diarrhoea.

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“…In general, Shigella is a genus of gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacteria, categorized generally into various serotypes on the basis of the O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (Fernandez and Sansonetti 2003;Camacho et al 2013). Diarrhea caused by Shigella species is currently regarded as an infectious disease with high mortality, particularly in developing countries (Kumar and Subita 2013). Among the four different species of Shigella (i.e., S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei), all of which are capable of causing the disease, S. dysenteriae is assumed as the main biological agent of shigellosis in Iran (Barry et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-level transient expression of the N-terminal domain of IpaD from Shigella dysenteriae in four plant species transformed with different construct configurations

Hajibehzad

Hamed

Nasiri

et al. 2016

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant

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The Ipa operon contains four genes (IpaA, IpaB, IpaC, and IpaD), all assumed to be mandatory factors in the invasion process of Shigella spp. Of these, IpaD is argued to play the most critical role in invasion of Shigella dysenteriae into epithelial cells of the human gut, which often results in shigellosis disease. The potential expression of S. dysenteriae invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD) was examined in the leaves of four plant hosts-Nicotiana tabacum, N. benthamiana, lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and soybean (Glycine max)-transformed with constructs containing different expression elements. The highest yields of IpaD, obtained by targeting the protein to ER-derived protein bodies, were more than 1.21-fold (in soybean) and 1.48-fold (in N. benthamiana) higher than when protein was targeted to apoplastic compartments, based on total soluble protein (TSP). IpaD production in N. benthamiana was more abundant than in N. tabacum, lettuce, or soybean, averaging 2.2 ng of IpaD μg −1 TSP and with a maximum of 3.4 ng IpaD μg −1 TSP with the bestperforming construct (pCAMBIA-ZCIpaD), corresponding to 15.7 μg IpaD g −1 fresh leaf weight. Quantitative RT-PCR suggested that the Cucumber mosaic virus 2b silencing suppressor could efficiently enhance transient expression of IpaD mRNA approximately 4-fold in N. benthamiana at 96 h after infiltration. Finally, with pCAMBIA-ZCIpaD, containing Cowpea mosaic virus UTRs as possible expression enhancers, the accumulation of IpaD in agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana was nearly 2-fold that was obtained with constructs not containing UTRs. This is the first report describing the effects of several important signal peptides and translational enhancers on IpaD antigen production in four different plant hosts. These results seem to indicate a promising route for the production of therapeutic IpaD antigen in vitro, as a candidate vaccine for human shigellosis.

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Diarrhoeal Diseases in Developing Countries: A Situational Analysis

Cited by 27 publications

References 47 publications

A study on selected behavioral factors of mothers influencing acute diarrhoea in under- five children in a rural part of Kerala, India

A study on selected behavioral factors of mothers influencing acute diarrhoea in under- five children in a rural part of Kerala, India

A prospective study on biochemical disturbances among cases of acute diarrhoea in children attending a tertiary care hospital of South India

High-level transient expression of the N-terminal domain of IpaD from Shigella dysenteriae in four plant species transformed with different construct configurations

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