Diatomite in Use: Nature, Modifications, Commercial Applications and Prospective Trends

Ghobara, Mohamed; Mohamed, A.O.

doi:10.1002/9781119370741.ch19

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…The increasing complexity of the models, such as the introduction of off‐gas models for the optimization of postcombustion within the EAF or the modeling of the properties and foaming of the slag, accordingly allows more detailed scenario analysis and optimization. [ 124,133,143,148 ] It is important to note that the increase in complexity of process models has not caused excessive increase in computation time. [ 89 ] This enables the current process models to be utilized also in online computations, [ 37,61,113,115–122,141,147,148,167 ] although the reported applications of such models are still scarce.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the high number of scenario evaluations necessary in optimization, the model needs to be highly efficient and fast for this purpose. While some optimization has been performed with somewhat reduced and simplified models, [ 124,133,143,148 ] both the fast or even online optimization of control strategies for specific heats and the automatic adjustment of empirical parameters offer significant challenges in EAF process modeling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most basic type of a validation is to conduct a case study, in which a heuristic comparison between simulated heats and selected heats from an industrial EAF is conducted. [ 32,34,53,64,91–94,123,124 ] A common validation approach utilized in the majority of the presented noncommercial models [ 27,35,38,42,43,48,54,62,65,103,104,125–133 ] is to formulate a physical model with the literature data and validate it using point data from the refining period or tapping of industrial EAF. While steel and slag temperature and composition have high relevance to EAF operations, the lack of continuous variables in model training and validation makes it harder to analyze the sources of errors and makes it very challenging to validate the results during the heat.…”

Section: Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Mathematical Process Models for the Electric Arc Furnace Process

Hay

Visuri

Aula

et al. 2020

steel research int.

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The electric arc furnace is the main process unit in scrap‐based steelmaking. Owing to its importance, numerous mathematical models for predicting the course of the electric arc furnace process have been developed. This article reviews mathematical process models proposed in the literature, identifying the most common modeling approaches, and uses mathematical descriptions for the main phenomena. Furthermore, the validation of such models is discussed in detail. Finally, the article identifies gaps in the existing knowledge and provides suggestions for the further development of mathematical process models.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Mathematical Process Models for the Electric Arc Furnace Process

Hay

Visuri

Aula

et al. 2020

steel research int.

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“…Particles of diatomaceous earth may be subject to the sedimentation of epoxy resin and to floatation (Figure 10C,D). The bulk density of base diatoms is 0.271 g/cm 3 , and of rinsed diatoms is 0.248 g/cm 3 . A higher value for the base diatoms relates to the presence of particles of various sizes, which were removed from the second fraction during rinsing.…”

Section: Densitymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A higher value for the base diatoms relates to the presence of particles of various sizes, which were removed from the second fraction during rinsing. Their presence increases The bulk density of base diatoms is 0.271 g/cm 3 , and of rinsed diatoms is 0.248 g/cm 3 . A higher value for the base diatoms relates to the presence of particles of various sizes, which were removed from the second fraction during rinsing.…”

Section: Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Aspects of Obtaining and Characterizing Composites Based on Biogenic Diatomaceous Silica and Epoxy Resins

et al. 2021

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Diatomaceous earth are sediments of unicellular algal skeletons with a well-defined hierarchical structure. Despite many tests conducted on systems using diatomaceous earth and epoxy resins, we can find many differences in the methods of acquisition and characteristics of the composite, which may considerably affect the results. In our study, we have conducted tests to verify the impact of the method of obtaining samples and the degassing of the composite on its mechanical properties and standard deviation. The samples were cast in glass moulds and silicone moulds and then subjected to testing for their mechanical and functional properties, imaging with the use of an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The tests have shown that, for samples cast in glass moulds, there is no heterogeneity within the area of the tested sample, as in the case of samples cast in silicone moulds. Silicone moulds allow for quite effective self-degassing of the resin due to the large area-to-mass ratio, and the small remaining air vesicles have a limited effect on the mechanical properties of the samples. The filler used also played a significant role. For systems containing base and rinsed diatomite, it is clear that the degassing of mixtures increases the tensile strength. For treated diatomite, the elongation at break grew along with increasing filler concentration, while for base diatomite, the improvement was observed for flexural strength and impact strength. A non-modified epoxy resin shows a tensile strength at 19.91 MPa (silicone mould cast). At the same time, the degassed, glass mould-cast systems containing 12% of base and rinsed diatoms showed a tensile strength of 27.4 MPa and 44.7 MPa, respectively. We have also observed that the higher the filler concentration, the higher were the tensile strength values, which for the rinsed diatoms reached over 55.1 MPa and for the base diatoms were maximum of 43.8 MPa. The tests, therefore, constitute a set of guidelines and recommendations for testing with the use of fillers showing an extended inner structure.

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