Dietary intake, food pattern, and abnormal blood glucose status of middle-aged adults: a cross-sectional community-based study in Myanmar

Abstract

BackgroundLifestyle changes, particularly dietary intake, had resulted in increasing trends of type-2 diabetes mellitus worldwide. However, dietary intake is diverse across country contexts. This study aimed to compare the dietary intake, food patterns, and blood glucose among middle-aged adults living in urban and suburban areas in Mandalay city, Myanmar, and explore their relationships.MethodsA cross-sectional community-based study was conducted during June–November 2014. Adults aged 35–64 were randomly selected and requested to record all food they ate in a 4-day diary. Fasting and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose values were measured over two consecutive days. Dietary intakes were calculated in terms of energy, macronutrients, glycemic index, and glycemic load, and food patterns were identified by factor analysis. The relationships between food pattern, dietary intake, and blood glucose were assessed.ResultsOf 440 participants, dietary intake between urban and suburban residents was significantly different. Six food patterns were identified. There was no difference in fasting and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose between urban and suburban residents, but a strong correlation between fasting blood glucose and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose was found (correlation coefficient=0.8). Identification of abnormal blood glucose status using original fasting and converted 2-hour postprandial values showed substantial agreement (prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted Kappa=0.8). Relationships between food patterns and blood glucose or abnormal blood glucose status were not found.ConclusionFood patterns were associated with dietary intake, not with abnormal blood glucose status. Two-hour postprandial blood glucose was highly correlated with fasting blood glucose and may be used for identifying abnormal blood glucose status.

Relationship between the dietary glycemic load of the adult Polish population and socio-demographic and lifestyle factors – results of the WOBASZ II study

“…Such calculation made it possible to compare the presented results with other authors, who also adjusted their results to the energy value of the diet. 10,[20][21][22][23][24] In this study, the relationships between sociodemographic factors such as age, size of the population center inhabited, level of education and net monthly income per member of family, and the value of dietary GL/1,000 kcal were found. We have observed that dietary GL/1,000 kcal increased with age, which was also observed by other authors.…”

“…There are few studies which have examined such relationships; however, Hlaing et al found a significantly lower total GL among people from suburban in comparison to urban areas in Myanmar. 23 Another factor that was related to dietary GL was the level of education. Higher level of education among the Polish population was related to lower GL/1,000 kcal, and also to lower total GL.…”

Urban–rural differences in overweight and obesity among 25–64 years old Myanmar residents: a cross-sectional, nationwide survey

“… 47 48 In urban Myanmar residents, high intakes of fat and protein have been reported. 49 Moreover, the consumption of fast food and high caloric soft drinks and alcohol is higher in urban inhabitants compared with rural dwellers. 48 Additionally, in a study conducted in the Yangon region of Myanmar, the prevalence of physical inactivity was low, and no difference was observed between urban and rural residents.…”

<p>Measurement of diabetes, prediabetes and their associated risk factors in Myanmar 2014</p>

“…Despite its out-of-the-pocket expenditure, hospitals in Myanmar have seen a growing number of chronic disease patients such as of diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and cancer, while infectious diseases are still forming a huge burden 6. The prevalence of diabetes has increasingly been reported in many local studies and clinical reports 9. However, evidence gathered from a nationally representative survey has still been lacking.…”