Differences between Obese and Non-Obese Children and Adolescents Regarding Their Oral Status and Blood Markers of Kidney Diseases

Abstract

(1) Background: A rarely discussed effect of obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) may slowly lead to irreversible glomerular damage and the development of chronic kidney disease. These patients need to undertake medical care, but whether they should be included in intensive oral care is still not mandatory. The study aimed to assess a relationship between renal, metabolic, and oral health indicators among pediatric patients affected by simple obesity. (2) Methods: 45 children and adolescents with simple obesity hospitalized (BMI 34.1 ± 4.8 kg/m2, age 15.4 ± 2.3) and compared with 41 aged-matched healthy controls (BMI 16.4 ± 2.4 kg/m2, age 15.4 ± 2.7). Echocardiography, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, ultrasound exam with Doppler, and laboratory tests including kidney and metabolic markers were performed. Oral status was examined regarding the occurrence of carious lesions using decay missing filling teeth (DMFT), gingivitis as bleeding on probing (BOP), and bacterial colonization as plaque control record (PCR). (3) Results: The strongest correlation was revealed between BMI and concentration of uric acid, cystatin C, GFR estimated by the Filler formula (r = 0.74; r = 0.48; r = −0.52), and between oral variables such as PCR and BOP (r = 0.54; r = 0.58). Children and adolescents with obesity demonstrated untreated dental caries, less efficient in plaque control and gingivitis. (4) Conclusions: No specific relation to markers of kidney disease were found; however, more frequent gingivitis/bacterial colonization and significant differences in oral status between obese and non-obese patients were revealed. Susceptibility to inflammation may be conducive to developing metabolic syndrome and kidney damage in the form of obesity-related glomerulopathy and contribute to future dental caries. Uric acid seems to indicate metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular complications (LVMI > 95 percentiles). Cystatin C and uric acid might aspire to be early markers of kidney damage leading to obesity-related glomerulopathy.

Selenoprotein-p as Biomarker of Selenium Status in Obese Children and Adolescents

“…Blood urea and serum creatinine were within normal range with no substantial variations among obese children and controls (p=0.141), (p=0.354) and this comes in line with the study of Maćkowiak-Lewandowicz et al [27]. In contrary Khan et al, [28] study revealed that blood urea, serum creatinine was substantially elevated in obese group as contrasted to controls i.e.…”

“…While LDL concentrations hadn't been substantial various among groups. However, Maćkowiak-Lewandowicz et al, [30] found that obese and control groups didn't vary in serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL. While substantially greater levels of HDL and TG (p = 0.001, p = 0.001).…”

Pengaruh Obesitas terhadap Laju Filtrasi Glomerulus pada Anak

“…Studi ini melaporkan bahwa LFG anak obes secara bermakna lebih rendah dibandingkan anak non-obes (73,10±22,33 mL/min/1,73 m 2 vs 85,30±32,25 mL/min/1,73 m 2 ), dengan nilai p=0,048. Hasil yang serupa juga didapatkan pada penelitian Maćkowiak-Lewandowicz et al, 12 Renda, 15 dan Mahayani et al,19. Ketiga penelitian tersebut mendapatkan LFG pada kelompok obes secara bermakna lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok berat badan normal (p=0,019; p= 0,05; p<0,001).…”

“…Mahayani et al 19 melaporkan hal serupa, yakni tingkat frekuensi hipertensi lebih tinggi pada kelompok obes (p<0,001). Pada studi Maćkowiak-Lewandowicz et al 12 juga didapatkan 25 dari 45 anak obes mengalami hipertensi primer. Pada ketiga penelitian tersebut, LFG anak obes didapatkan secara bermakna lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan LFG anak normal.…”

“…Pada ketiga penelitian tersebut, LFG anak obes didapatkan secara bermakna lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan LFG anak normal. 12,15,19 Hasil tersebut diperkuat dengan penelitian kohort oleh Lalan et al 11 yang mengevaluasi 472 anak berat badan normal, overweight, dan obes. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan jumlah anak yang mengalami hipertensi secara bermakna lebih tinggi pada kelompok obes dibandingkan dengan kelompok berat badan normal (69% dan 51%).…”