Differences in daily life executive functioning between people with autism and people with schizophrenia

Yon-Hernández, Jo A; Wojcik, Dominika Zofia; García-García, Laura; Franco-Martín, Manuel; Canal‐Bedia, Ricardo

doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05547-6

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…More importantly, we found a significant relationship between ASD symptom severity, as measured by the AQ-S and RBQ-2A, and the DLS in the ASD group. Our results support the extensive research on children and adolescents which shows a relationship between ASD symptom severity and adaptive behavior (see Yon-Hernández et al, 2022a ). Therefore, the type of measurement use might be important in detecting whether the severity of symptoms influences adaptive functioning.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…As for the ASD group, they reported that their difficulties in daily executive functioning were significantly greater than those from the SSD group. This pattern is similar to the one reported by Yon-Hernández et al (2022a) where a more exhaustive analysis of the DEX-Sp (our subjective measure) and its subscales was carried out in a larger sample. When analyzing the DEX-Sp subscales in more detail, we found that more difficulties are observed on the disorganization/apathy scale than disinhibition/impulsivity subscale, possibly due to greater role of the former in the daily living skills in ASD.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…We compared, ASD, SSD and typically developing adult groups on the DLS and executive functioning. In line with past evidence that shows difficulties in executive functioning, i.e., inhibition, organization, planning, and goal-directed behavior in both ASD and SSD (de Boer et al, 2014;Øie et al, 2020;Shi et al, 2020;Yon-Hernández et al, 2022a), we expect to find a significant correlation between the deficits in EFs and low DLS in both groups. Our study attempts to clarify to what extent the presence of these difficulties in EF affects DLS in both conditions.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Executive functions in daily living skills: A study in adults with autism spectrum disorder

et al. 2023

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IntroductionAdults with autism and adults with schizophrenia show difficulties in adaptive skills, especially those related to daily functioning. Some studies suggest that adaptive skills are associated with deficits in executive functions (EF), while others indicate that intelligence quotient (IQ) might also play a role. Literature suggests that autistic symptoms further affect adaptive skills. The interest of the current study, therefore, was to explore to what extent IQ, EFs as well as core autistic symptoms predict adaptive skills.MethodsTo do this, 25 controls, 24 adults with autism, and 12 with schizophrenia were assessed on IQ (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), and executive functioning. The EF was measured with neuropsychological tasks (inhibition, updating, and task switching) and with the Dysexecutive-Spanish Questionnaire (DEX-Sp) which assessed everyday life EF problems. Core ASD symptoms were measured using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Short version (AQ-S), and the Repetitive Behavior Questionnaire – 3 (RBQ-3).ResultsThe results indicated EF difficulties in both, autism and schizophrenia. The IQ explained a high percentage of the variance found in adaptive skills, but only in the autism group. We can conclude, therefore, that high IQ is associated with low adaptive skills levels and EFs affect adaptive functioning in people with autism; however, this does not explain the difficulties in adaptive functioning in the schizophrenia group. Core features of autism assessed with self-report questionnaires (but not the ADOS-2) predicted low scores on the adaptive skills, only in the autism group.DiscussionBoth EF measures predicted adaptive skills scores in autism, but not in schizophrenia. Our results suggest that different factors affect the adaptive functioning in each disorder. For instance, the EFs should be a central focus for improvement, especially for individuals with autism.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Executive functions in daily living skills: A study in adults with autism spectrum disorder

et al. 2023

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“…Individuals with ASD continue to develop skills throughout their life, which may help to compensate for their impairments ( 41 ). Also, ASD individuals self-report more difficulties than SCZ individuals related to EF and adaptive behaviors in everyday life situations ( 42 ). Future research should focus more on combination types of assessment such as neuropsychological, and more ecologically valid evaluations of EF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive function in schizophrenia and autism in adults shares common components separating high and low performance groups

Morais,

d’Almeida,

Caldeira

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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The profile of executive function (EF) in adults with Schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains unclear. This study aims to ascertain if distinct EF patterns can be identified between each clinical condition by comparing the neuropsychological profile of adults with SCZ and ASD, for whom the differential diagnosis is still highly challenging. Forty-five individuals (15 SCZ, 15 ASD, 15 controls) matched for age, sex, education level, and handedness underwent intelligence evaluation and neuropsychological testing for working memory, inhibition, planning and set-shifting, and verbal fluency subdomains. Principal component analysis (2D-PCA) using variables representing 4 domains was employed to identify patterns in neuropsychological profiles. The ASD group had lower scores on the Digits Forward subtest compared to the SCZ group (7.2 ± 2.1 vs. 9.3 ± 1.9, p = 0.003; Cohen’s d: 1.05). ASD also performed significantly worse on the Stroop Word Test compared to the control group (77.7± 17.9 vs. 98.0 ± 12.7, p = 0.009; Cohen’s d: 1.31). No significant differences were observed between ASD and SCZ on other EF measures. The larger contributors for the dimensions in 2D-PCA were the Digits Forward subtest and Stroop Word Test. Still, there was substantial overlap between the clinical groups. This study suggests a high degree of similarity of EF between SCZ and ASD. Through four EF measures, the discrimination of low and high-functioning EF groups spanning both diagnostic categories may help to identify the individuals who could better benefit from cognitive rehabilitation strategies.

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“…A recent work from Yon-Hernández et al [ 52 ] found that ASD individuals self-report more difficulties than individuals with SSD related to both EFs and adaptive behaviors in everyday life situations. These results differ from the findings of the current study, where we noted relatively more EF problems in SSD than ASD population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychological profile of executive functions in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a comparative group study in adults

Yon-Hernández

Wojcik

García-García

et al. 2022

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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As assessed by numerous neuropsychological tasks, individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) have similar impairments related to executive functions (EFs). The neuropsychological profile of these two conditions was examined using the three-component EFs’ framework of Miyake and Friedman (Cogn Psychol 41(1):49-100, 2000). This approach assesses Inhibition (suppression of unwanted and irrelevant information/responses), Updating (use and control of contents of working memory), and Shifting (disengagement between activities or mental tasks) using nine different tasks. In line with previous research, we expected greater performance deficits in ASD in all three components compared to SSD, as well as faster responses for the SSD group. A self-paced task format allowed us to examine whether unlimited time given for a task would lead to better performance. The sample was constituted by the control group (N = 25), ASD group (N = 24), and SSD group (N = 12). Groups did not differ on Inhibition performance. In Updating, individuals with SSD performed poorer than the other groups. As for Shifting, both groups demonstrated poorer performance compared to controls, with the SSD group presenting the greatest difficulties. In terms of reaction time (RT), SSD participants’ RT were the slowest on Inhibition and Shifting tasks. There was a positive correlation between performance and time spent on Inhibition and Shifting only for the SSD group, which demonstrates that their performance improves when there are no time constraints. Our work provides a better understanding of spared and impaired EFs, which could be useful for designing strategies aimed at improving specific EFs in each group.

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Differences in daily life executive functioning between people with autism and people with schizophrenia

Cited by 4 publications

References 61 publications

Executive functions in daily living skills: A study in adults with autism spectrum disorder

Executive functions in daily living skills: A study in adults with autism spectrum disorder

Executive function in schizophrenia and autism in adults shares common components separating high and low performance groups

Neuropsychological profile of executive functions in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a comparative group study in adults

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