Differences in Obesity Measures and Selected Comorbidities in Former National Football League Professional Athletes

Hyman, Mark H.; Dang, Diana L.; Liu, Yihang

doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e3182572e53

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…it was shown that body fat percentage provides a more accurate evaluation of obesity than what BMI does among retired football players. [ 3 ] Moreover, the effect of genetic difference between study groups on the result of weight and body fat percentage cannot be disregarded.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The risk of developing obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in former power-sports athletes - Does sports career termination increase the risk

Emami

Behforouz

Jarahi

et al. 2018

Indian J Endocr Metab

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Introduction:Obesity is associated with several complications like metabolic syndrome. Many professional athletes adopt a sedentary lifestyle after retirement. This study was aimed at assessing the risk of developing obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and metabolic syndrome among former power-sports athletes, compared with age-matched active athletes and nonathletes.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted in Mashhad during 2012–2014. The individuals were recruited through announcements and were divided into three groups of active athletes (n = 34), ex-athletes (n = 30), and nonathletes (n = 30). Demographic and anthropometric data were collected and biochemical factors including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein were measured.Results:Ex-athletes had significantly higher mean values of weight, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, LDL-C, insulin, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) IR, and HOMA β-cell function (HOMA-%β-cell) compared with active athletes and nonathletes (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.03, P = 0.01, P = 0.02, and P = 0.01, respectively). However, mean values of HDL-C was significantly lower in ex-athletes compared with nonathletes (P < 0.001). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome showed no significant difference among three groups, although its mean was higher among ex-athletes.Conclusions:The results showed that abandoning regular athletic exercise and weight cycling in power sports athletes leads to adverse outcomes such as obesity and IR. Although higher IR might not necessarily result in metabolic syndrome in short term, it could cause metabolic syndrome in the long run.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 2 ] Obesity is associated with several problems, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure, and other metabolic disorders. [ 3 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk of developing obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in former power-sports athletes - Does sports career termination increase the risk

Emami

Behforouz

Jarahi

et al. 2018

Indian J Endocr Metab

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“…Using BMI to determine obesity could have overestimated its prevalence in the retired NFL players if they had greater muscle mass relative to the general population. 27 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep-apnea risk and subclinical atherosclerosis in early-middle-aged retired National Football League players

Luyster

Dunn

Lauderdale

et al. 2017

NSS

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PurposeLimited data from former National Football League (NFL) players suggest that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may be highly prevalent after retirement. It remains unclear whether the high prevalence of OSA in retired players is comparable to nonathletes. This retrospective analysis compared sleep apnea (SA) risk in retired NFL players to a community cohort (CARDIA Sleep study), and examined associations between SA risk and cardiovascular risk factors, including subclinical atherosclerosis.Materials and methodsRetired NFL players (n=122) were matched to CARDIA Sleep participants by age ±2 years (range 37–55 years), body mass index ±2 kg/m2, race, and male sex. Participants underwent electron-beam computed tomography to measure coronary artery calcium (CAC) and completed the Berlin Questionnaire to determine SA risk. The presence of CAC was defined as an Agatston score >0.ResultsRetired NFL players had a greater prevalence of high SA risk than the matched CARDIA Sleep participants (27% vs 11.5%, P=0.002). Compared to the CARDIA Sleep participants, retired players were less likely to smoke, and had higher blood pressure, lower fasting glucose levels, and higher cholesterol levels. However, there was no difference in the prevalence of detectable CAC (30% vs 30%, P=1). In both players and the community cohort, SA risk was not significantly associated with CAC after controlling for age, race, and body mass index.ConclusionRetired NFL players have a greater prevalence of high SA risk but similar prevalence of CAC compared with a well-matched community cohort.

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“…Multivariable models were adjusted for age, height and weight. Body mass index is a potentially limited metric in athletic populations and was not used 23, 24…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of hand and wrist osteoarthritis in elite former cricket and rugby union players

Jones

Davies

Shah

et al. 2019

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hand and wrist osteoarthritis in former elite cricket and rugby union players, by sport and playing position, and to define the prevalence of severe hand injury, and its association with hand osteoarthritis. Design Cross-sectional. Methods Data from cross-sectional studies of former elite male cricket and rugby players were used to determine the prevalence of hand pain, physician-diagnosed osteoarthritis, and previous severe injury. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association of previous injury with pain and osteoarthritis. Results Data from 200 cricketers and 229 rugby players were available. Complete case analysis resulted in 127 cricketers and 140 rugby players. Hand pain was more prevalent amongst cricketers (19.7%) than rugby players (10.0%). The prevalence did not differ between cricket and rugby players for hand osteoarthritis (2.4% and 3.6%), wrist osteoarthritis (1.6% and 2.1%), or previous severe hand injury (36.2% and 31.4%). No significant association between previous hand injury and pain or osteoarthritis was identified in either sport. Conclusions Former elite cricketers reported more hand pain than rugby players. No significant association was found between self-reported severe injury and hand osteoarthritis in either cohort, potentially indicating that risk factors aside from injury may be more prominent in the development of hand osteoarthritis.

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Differences in Obesity Measures and Selected Comorbidities in Former National Football League Professional Athletes

Abstract: Percent body fat measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry provides a more accurate measure of obesity than does BMI among retired football players.

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

The risk of developing obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in former power-sports athletes - Does sports career termination increase the risk

The risk of developing obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in former power-sports athletes - Does sports career termination increase the risk

Sleep-apnea risk and subclinical atherosclerosis in early-middle-aged retired National Football League players

The prevalence of hand and wrist osteoarthritis in elite former cricket and rugby union players

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