Differential gastric ulceration in rats receiving shocks on either fixed-time or variable-time schedules.

Guile, Michael N.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.101.1.139

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For example, predictability has been suggested as a tool to manipulate the way animals interpret stimuli or stressors (Wiepkema 1987; Greiveldinger et al 2009; Veissier et al 2009). This suggestion is supported by studies in rats that showed that the predictability of negative events (such as electric shocks) leads to a reduction in gastric ulcers as compared to rats that cannot predict the shock event (Guile 1987). Predictability of negative stimuli such as noise (Prior 2002) or introduction into an unfamiliar cage (Muir and Pfister 1986) has also been shown to result in reduced stress responses and better learning abilities in rats (Muir and Pfister 1986; Orsini et al 2002; Prior 2002).…”

Section: Mental States and Possible Associated Welfare Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish

Martins

Galhardo

Noble

et al. 2011

Fish Physiol Biochem

338

186

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Behaviour represents a reaction to the environment as fish perceive it and is therefore a key element of fish welfare. This review summarises the main findings on how behavioural changes have been used to assess welfare in farmed fish, using both functional and feeling-based approaches. Changes in foraging behaviour, ventilatory activity, aggression, individual and group swimming behaviour, stereotypic and abnormal behaviour have been linked with acute and chronic stressors in aquaculture and can therefore be regarded as likely indicators of poor welfare. On the contrary, measurements of exploratory behaviour, feed anticipatory activity and reward-related operant behaviour are beginning to be considered as indicators of positive emotions and welfare in fish. Despite the lack of scientific agreement about the existence of sentience in fish, the possibility that they are capable of both positive and negative emotions may contribute to the development of new strategies (e.g. environmental enrichment) to promote good welfare. Numerous studies that use behavioural indicators of welfare show that behavioural changes can be interpreted as either good or poor welfare depending on the fish species. It is therefore essential to understand the species-specific biology before drawing any conclusions in relation to welfare. In addition, different individuals within the same species may exhibit divergent coping strategies towards stressors, and what is tolerated by some individuals may be detrimental to others. Therefore, the assessment of welfare in a few individuals may not represent the average welfare of a group and vice versa. This underlines the need to develop on-farm, operational behavioural welfare indicators that can be easily used to assess not only the individual welfare but also the welfare of the whole group (e.g. spatial distribution). With the ongoing development of video technology and image processing, the on-farm surveillance of behaviour may in the near future represent a low-cost, noninvasive tool to assess the welfare of farmed fish.

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Section: Mental States and Possible Associated Welfare Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish

Martins

Galhardo

Noble

et al. 2011

Fish Physiol Biochem

338

186

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, predictability has been suggested as a tool to manipulate the way animals interpret stimuli or stressors (Wiepkema 1987;Greiveldinger et al 2009;Veissier et al 2009). This suggestion is supported by studies in rats that showed that the predictability of negative events (such as electric shocks) leads to a reduction in gastric ulcers as compared to rats that cannot predict the shock event (Guile 1987). Predictability of negative stimuli such as noise (Prior 2002) or introduction into an unfamiliar cage (Muir and Pfister 1986) has also been shown to result in reduced stress responses and better learning abilities in rats (Muir and Pfister 1986;Orsini et al 2002;Prior 2002).…”

Section: Mental States and Possible Associated Welfare Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish

Martins¹,

Galhardo²,

Noble³

et al. 2011

Current Views on Fish Welfare

120

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“…Another study compared unsignaled shocks given at fixed-time or variable-time (a truly unpredictable protocol) intervals. After exposure to the shocks, both groups showed gastric ulceration, but there were significantly more ulcers in the variable-time-scheduled rats, indicating an even more subtle effect of predictability (Guile, 1987).…”

Section: Face Validitymentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The muscle tension and inhibition of Increased risk of peptic ulcer disease Goodwin et al, 2009 Increase in number of stomach ulcers Guile, 1987;Seligman, 1968 Increased risk is correlated with the number of anxiety symptoms Goodwin & Stein, 2002 DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (text revision), CRF corticotropin releasing factor, ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone, CORT corticosterone/cortisol. (-) indicates findings that may contradict or may not directly support the face validity of CC as a GAD model motor behavior seen in GAD patients (de Beurs, Beekman, van Balkom, Deeg, van Dyck & van Tilburg, 1999;Lyonfields, Borkovec, & Thayer, 1995), as well as the often-experienced feeling of the mind going blank (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), might be analogous to the freezing response of anxious rats (Antoniadis & McDonald, 1999;Phillips & LeDoux, 1994).…”

Section: Face Validitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextual conditioning in rats as an animal model for generalized anxiety disorder

Luyten

Vansteenwegen

Kuyck

et al. 2011

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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Animal models of psychiatric disorders are important translational tools for exploring new treatment options and gaining more insight into the disease. Thus far, there is no systematically validated animal model for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a severely impairing and difficult-to-treat disease. In this review, we propose contextual conditioning (CC) as an animal model for GAD. We argue that this model has sufficient face validity (there are several symptom similarities), predictive validity (it responds to clinically effective treatments), and construct validity (the underlying mechanisms are comparable). Although the refinement and validation of an animal model is a never-ending process, we want to give a concise overview of the currently available evidence. We suggest that the CC model might be a valuable preclinical tool to enhance the development of new treatment strategies and our understanding of GAD.

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Differential gastric ulceration in rats receiving shocks on either fixed-time or variable-time schedules.

Cited by 14 publications

References 17 publications

Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish

Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish

Behavioural indicators of welfare in farmed fish

Contextual conditioning in rats as an animal model for generalized anxiety disorder

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