Differential Gene Expression in Hemodialysis Patients with "Cold" Zheng

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to search for the differential gene expression and measure the serum level of a number of biochemical parameters in the cold zheng (CZ) and non-cold zheng (NCZ) in patients receiving hemodialysis. Hemodialysis (HD) patients were randomly selected from the CZ and NCZ groups. The between-group differences in gene expression were assessed using complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray. Differential gene expression was further validated by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our results demonstrated that the up-regulation of the inflammation-associated genes, ALOX5AP, S100A8 and S100A12, down-regulation of the genes related to immunity (DEFA4), metabolism (GNG11, PYGB, PRKAR2B), and growth/proliferation (HSF2, DDR2, TK1) were found in the CZ group. Furthermore, the CZ HD patients had significantly lower serum albumin levels compared with their NCZ counterparts (3.31 +/- 0.08 g/dL versus 4.18 +/- 0.12 g/dL). It appears reasonable to conclude that up-regulated inflammatory-gene expression (ALOX5AP, S100A8 and S100A12) may play an important role in CZ HD patients.

Inhibition effect of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride on methane hydrate equilibrium

“…A predictive method was applied to predict the vapor-liquid-hydrate three-phase equilibrium condition of methane hydrate in the presence of the ionic liquid EMIM-Cl [17][18][19][20]. At equilibrium, the fugacity of water is equal in all coexisting phases (vapor, liquid, and hydrate phase).…”

“…The measurements were performed in the concentration ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mass fraction of EMIM-Cl aqueous solution and pressure ranging from 5.00 to 35.00 MPa. A predictive thermodynamic model with an explicit pressure dependence of the Langmuir adsorption constant [17][18][19][20] was applied to describe the experimental results of dissociation conditions of methane hydrates in the presence of EMIM-Cl, even at high pressures (up to 350 bar), in this work.…”

Thermodynamic modeling of gas hydrate formation conditions in the presence of organic inhibitors, salts and their mixtures using UNIQUAC model

“…Hsieh et al [43] Chin et al [16] This work Because of unavoidable experimental errors, there are some inconsistencies in the hydrate data. Thus, in the present study, the extensive independent hydrate data in the presence of inhibitors are utilized to minimize the effect of the experimental errors on optimizing the UNIQUAC parameters.…”

“…Chin et al [16] This work Nasrifar et al [10] Masoudi et al [17] Nasrifar and Moshfeghian [12] Javanmardi et al [13] Mohammadi and Tohidi [7] Chin et al [16] This work …”

“…To predict hydrate inhibition properly, they proposed that the interactions among all species in the aqueous phase should be incorporated in the water activity calculations so that it was shown that the interaction between electrolyte and alcohol presents a significant influence on the hydrate formation conditions. By applying the COSMO-SAC activity model along with the PitzerDebye-Hückel model, Chin et al [16] predicted gas hydrate formation conditions of pure gases in the presence of alcohols, salts and their mixtures so that their modeling does not require any interaction parameter. On the other hand, in f-f approach, Masoudi et al [17,18] considered the critical properties of electrolytes so that the salts are treated as pseudo-components in the VPT EoS along with a NDD mixing rule.…”