Differential Mitochondrial Redox Responses to the Inhibition of NAD+ Salvage Pathway of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cancer cells rely on metabolic reprogramming that is supported by altered mitochondrial redox status and an increased demand for NAD+. Over expression of Nampt, the rate-limiting enzyme of the NAD+ biosynthesis salvage pathway, is common in breast cancer cells, and more so in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Targeting the salvage pathway has been pursued for cancer therapy. However, TNBC cells have heterogeneous responses to Nampt inhibition, which contributes to the diverse outcomes. There is a lack of imaging biomarkers to differentiate among TNBC cells under metabolic stress and identify which are responsive. We aimed to characterize and differentiate among a panel of TNBC cell lines under NAD-deficient stress and identify which subtypes are more dependent on the NAD salvage pathway. Methods: Optical redox imaging (ORI), a label-free live cell imaging microscopy technique was utilized to acquire intrinsic fluorescence intensities of NADH and FAD-containing flavoproteins (Fp) thus the mitochondrial redox ratio Fp/(NADH + Fp) in a panel of TNBC cell lines. Various fluorescence probes were then added to the cultures to image the mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, and cell number. Results: Various TNBC subtypes are sensitive to Nampt inhibition in a dose- and time-dependent manner, they have differential mitochondrial redox responses; furthermore, the mitochondrial redox indices linearly correlated with mitochondrial ROS induced by various doses of a Nampt inhibitor. Moreover, the changes in the redox indices correlated with growth inhibition. Additionally, the redox state was found fully recovered after removing the Nampt inhibitor. Conclusions: This study supports the utility of ORI in rapid metabolic phenotyping of TNBC cells under NAD-deficient stress to identify responsive cells and biomarkers of treatment response, facilitating combination therapy strategies.