Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being.

Abstract

On the basis of self-determination theory (R. M. Ryan & E. L. Deci, 2000) and cultural descriptions drawn from H. C. Triandis (1995), the authors hypothesized that (a) individuals from different cultures internalize different cultural practices; (b) despite these differences, the relative autonomy of individuals' motivation for those practices predicts well-being in all 4 cultures examined; and (c) horizontal practices are more readily internalized than vertical practices across all samples. Five hundred fifty-nine persons from South Korea, Russia, Turkey and the United States participated. Results supported the hypothesized relations between autonomy and well-being across cultures and gender. Results also suggested greater internalization of horizontal relative to vertical practices. Discussion focuses on the distinction between autonomy and individualism and the relative fit of cultural forms with basic psychological needs.

Slipping the surly bonds: The value of autonomy in self-employment

“…Using data from 23 OECD countries, Benz and Frey (2008) showed that the self-employed are signi…cantly more satis…ed with their jobs than employed individuals, and documented that such higher job satisfaction is attributable mainly to the more interesting jobs and greater autonomy that self-employment entails. Along similar lines, Chirkov et al (2003) showed that, across diverse cultures and social practices, autonomy is associated with well-being.…”

On the risk of being a cultural chameleon: Variations in collective self-esteem across social interactions.

“…values of the culture into which they are primarily socialized (Chirkov, Ryan, Kim, & Kaplan, 2003). This cultural internalization process is complicated for immigrants, who must find ways to internalize the guidelines of secondary, and even tertiary, cultural identities and simultaneously find ways to integrate these sometimes seemingly disparate identities (Downie, Koestner, ElGeledi, & Cree, 2004).…”

Impact of education on security practices in ICT

“…Other socioeconomic factors such as experience, gender and income should also be investigated. Another important limitation may be the effect of organization and culture, since the studies of Calhoun, Teng & Cheon [54], Chirkov, Ryan & Kim [55] and other researchers demonstrated that culture and organizational structure affects use of ICT in significant ways. Alternatively, Viberg & Grönlund [56] indicated that technology itself is more important than culture and other demographic factors.…”