Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age 6. The digestion of hydrolyzed milk and soya-bean proteins

Leibholz, Jane

doi:10.1079/bjn19810008

Cited by 24 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The source of protein in the diets did not influence the retention time of digesta in the small intestine. However, as observed in an earlier experiment (Leibholz, 1981), the retention time of soya-bean meal and lupin diets in the large intestine was greater than that of milk diets. The values for the diets containing meat meal were intermediate.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…By the duodenum, about 80% of all protein was hydrolysed which is similar to the value obtained by Zebrowska (1973) for 60-kg pigs given soya-bean protein. On the other hand, the soya-bean protein was only 50% hydrolysed by the duodenum in pigs of 28 d of age (Leibholz, 1981 ;Wilson & Leibholz, 1981 b). Thus, the decrease in gastric pH between 28 and 51 d of age and the increased pancreatic secretion (Gorrill & Friend, 1970) appear to have led to a greater hydrolysis of dietary proteins in the stomach and duodenum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The digestion of protein in young pigs and the utilization of dietary methionine

Leibholz

1985

Br J Nutr

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1. Forty pigs between 23 and 51 d of age were given ad lib. diets containing wheat and one of five protein concentrates: meat meal A, meat meal B, soya-bean meal, milk and lupins (Lupinus augustifolius). Twenty of these pigs were given indigestible markers from 51 to 56 d of age and were killed at 56 d of age.2. The diets containing meat meals A and B, soya-bean meal and milk contained 2.3 g total methionine/kg and the diet containing lupins contained 2.1 g/kg.3. A further forty pigs of the same age were given the same diets supplemented with 1 g synthetic methionine/kg. 4. The weight gains and feed conversion ratios of the pigs given the diets containing 2.1-2.3 g methionine and 3.1-3.3 g methionine/kg were not significantly different.5. The weight gains of the pigs given lupins (2.1 g methionine/kg) were less than those of the pigs given the diets containing 2.3 g methionine/kg.6. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen was less for the diets containing the meat meals (0.75 and 0.78 respectively) than for those containing the other protein concentrates (0.80 and 0.84).7. The retention times in the large intestine of the diets containing soya-bean meal and lupins were 965 and 1083 min which were greater than those of the diets containing the other protein concentrates, mean 732 min.8. The major site of N digestion and absorption for the diet containing milk was the area of the small intestine 25-50% of total length from the pylorus, while for the other protein concentrates the major site was 5&75% of its total length from the pylorus.9. The digestion and absorption of N in the large intestine was less (3.4%) for the diet containing milk than for those containing the other protein concentrates (7.5-1 1.3%).10. The apparent digestibility of the methionine to the ileum for the five diets ranged from 0.74 to 0.86 while the calculated retention of the apparently-absorbed methionine was 1.00. It was suggested that methionine digestibility could be used as an indicator of availability.11. The calculated retention of apparently absorbed N in the carcass was 0.71 for the pigs given the diet containing milk and 0.51-0.58 for the pigs given the other diets.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The digestion of protein in young pigs and the utilization of dietary methionine

Leibholz

1985

Br J Nutr

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“…2B). The dwell time of digesta in the stomach of swine has been reported to range from one to three hours [29]. As CIT was administered with feed in this study, CIT may have been retained with digesta in the stomach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Toxicokinetics of citreoviridinin vivoandin vitro

Uchiyama

Takino

Noguchi

et al. 2019

Preprint

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27Citreoviridin (CIT) produced by Penicillium citreonigrum as a secondary metabolite is a 28 yellow rice toxin that has been reported to be related to acute cardiac beriberi; however, its 29 toxicokinetics remain unclear. The present study elucidated the toxicokinetics through swine 30 in vivo experiments and predicted the human toxicokinetics by a comparison with findings 31 from in vitro experiments. Swine in vivo experiments revealed that CIT had a high 32 bioavailability of more than 90%. In addition, it showed a large volume of distribution (1.005 33 ± 0.195 L/kg) and long elimination half-life (17.7 ± 3.3 h) in intravenous. These results 34suggested the possibility of a slow metabolism of CIT. An intestinal permeability study using 35 the human cell line Caco-2 showed that CIT had a high permeability coefficient, suggesting it 36 would be easily absorbed in human intestine, similar to its absorption in swine. The 37 metabolite profiles were investigated by incubating CIT with S9 obtained from swine and 38 humans. Hydroxylation, methylation, desaturation and dihydroxylation derivatives were 39 detected as the predominant metabolites, and CIT glucuronide was produced slowly 40 compared with above metabolites. A comparison of the peak area ratios obtained using 41 quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer showed that the rates of all of the main 42 metabolites except for glucuronide produced using human S9 were three-fold higher than 3 43 those obtained using swine S9. Furthermore, the elimination of CIT using human S9 was 44 more rapid than when using swine S9, indicating that CIT would be metabolized faster in 45 humans than in swine. These in vivo results suggested that CIT is easily absorbed in swine 46 and persists in the body for a long duration. Furthermore, the CIT metabolism appeared to be 47 faster in human liver than in swine liver in vitro, although the bioavailability of CIT was 48 predicted to be similarly high in humans as in swine. 49 4 50 Introduction 51 Citreoviridin (CIT) is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium citreonigrum, Aspergillus terreus 52 and Eupenicillium ochrosalmoneum as a secondary metabolite [1]. Because CIT is mainly 53 found as a contaminant in rice, it is a serious problem in countries where people consume rice 54 as a staple food. 55 In 2006, an outbreak of beriberi occurred in Brazil, with a reported 40 of 1207 cases 56 dying [2]. Since P. citreonigrum and CIT were detected in rice samples, it was suspected that 57 rice was the causative food of beriberi in the area [3]. CIT contaminating yellow rice has 58 been reported to be related to acute cardiac beriberi (so-called "Shoshin-kakke") [4]. 59 Uraguchi et al. discovered that an ethanol extract from rice infected with P. citreo-viride 60 Biourge (current P. citreonigrum) caused symptoms in mice similar to acute cardiac beriberi 61 in humans. In addition, Ueno et al. reported that the isolate from P. citreo-viride BIourge 62 which was isolated by Sakabe et al. was chemically identical with CIT [4][5]. Although 63 "Shoshin...

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“…The plasma CTVD concentration showed almost no increase until 3 h after PO to swine (Figure 2b). The dwell time of digesta in the stomach of swine has been reported to range from one to three hours [38]. As CTVD was administered with feed in this study, CTVD may have been retained with digesta in the stomach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicokinetics of Citreoviridin Extracted from Penicillium citreonigrum

Uchiyama

Takino

Noguchi

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Citreoviridin (CTVD), a mycotoxin called yellow rice toxin, is reported to be related to acute cardiac beriberi; however, its toxicokinetics remain unclear. The present study elucidated the toxicokinetics through in vivo experiments in swine and predicted the human toxicokinetics by comparing the findings to those from in vitro experiments. In vivo experiments revealed the high bioavailability of CTVD (116.4%) in swine. An intestinal permeability study using Caco-2 cells to estimate the toxicokinetics in humans showed that CTVD has a high permeability coefficient. When CTVD was incubated with hepatic S9 fraction from swine and humans, hydroxylation and methylation, desaturation, and dihydroxylation derivatives were produced as the predominant metabolites. The levels of these products produced using human S9 were higher than those obtained swine S9, while CTVD glucuronide was produced slowly in human S9 in comparison to swine S9. Furthermore, the elimination of CTVD by human S9 was significantly more rapid in comparison to that by swine S9. These results suggest that CTVD is easily absorbed in swine and that it remains in the body where it is slowly metabolized. In contrast, the absorption of CTVD in humans would be the same as that in swine, although its elimination would be faster.

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Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age 6. The digestion of hydrolyzed milk and soya-bean proteins

Cited by 24 publications

References 28 publications

The digestion of protein in young pigs and the utilization of dietary methionine

The digestion of protein in young pigs and the utilization of dietary methionine

Toxicokinetics of citreoviridinin vivoandin vitro

The In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicokinetics of Citreoviridin Extracted from Penicillium citreonigrum

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