Digestive capacity, intestinal morphology, and microflora of 1-year and 2-year old Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fed standard or bioprocessed soybean meal

Criteria for Safe Use of Plant Ingredients in Diets for Aquacultured Fish

“…The SBM diets did, however, increase the weight of intestinal regions proximal to the hindgut (Refstie et al, 2006c). Trypsin and leucine aminopeptidase activities were not affected by SBM, nor were rates of nutrient absorption.…”

“…Morphology has been studied but changes have not been observed in any regions of the intestine of Atlantic cod fed up to 24% dehulled, extracted SBM, bioprocessed SBM (BPSBM) or soy concentrate Førde-Skjaervik et al, 2006;Refstie et al, 2006c). The SBM diets did, however, increase the weight of intestinal regions proximal to the hindgut (Refstie et al, 2006c).…”

Energy dilution with α-cellulose in diets for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) juveniles — Effects on growth, feed intake, liver size and digestibility of nutrients

“…In experiments with salmon elucidating the effect of soybean meal inclusions, there were found severe changes in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (Van Den Ingh et al, 1991;Francis et al, 2001;Krogdahl et al, 2003). Plant protein diets gave no detectable enteritis changes in cod intestine (Hansen et al, 2006;Refstie et al, 2006b;Olsen et al, 2007), plus there were found a significant number of bacteria in the lower intestinal tract. It was speculated if bacteria may have a digestive function and maybe explain why no enteritis changes were observed.…”

“…Pylorus is in the end of the stomach, and the pyloric sphincter empties stomach contents in portions into the intestine. Cod have a high number (~700) of narrow pyloric caeca situated in a short section in the intestine right after the pyloric sphincter (Refstie et al, 2006b). Pyloric caecas increase absorptive surface area in the intestine (Buddington et al, 1997).…”

Effect of dietary isoleucine on the immunity, antioxidant status, tight junctions and microflora in the intestine of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

“…Six hours after last feeding, 9 fish for each treatment were collected and extrude the intestinal content for measuring the counts of lactobacillus, bacillus, Aeromonas and E. coli using the method of Refstie et al [59].…”