Digital Three-Dimensional Imaging Techniques Provide New Analytical Pathways for Malacological Research

Ziegler, Alexander; Bock, Christian; Ketten, Darlene R.; Mair, R. W.; Mueller, Susanne; Nagelmann, Nina; Pracht, Eberhard D.; Schröder, Leif

doi:10.4003/006.036.0205

Cited by 42 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, structural features, including individual cells and wiring patterns, may be reliably identified and re-visited between individuals or indeed between species and used to predict function. In addition, the higher signal-to-noise ratio and long scan time in the 16.4 T MRI (compared with 9.4 T) and highly conservative acceptance threshold (detail in Methods) that we use bring the scale of MRI and direct anatomical methods closer than in previous studies Kurniawan et al, 2014;Alomair et al, 2015;Ziegler et al, 2018). Combined with congruence of both previous and the current study and anatomical tract data with MRI-predicted projections, we may be more confident that the new regional interconnections proposed here are real.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward an MRI-Based Mesoscale Connectome of the Squid Brain

2020

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Using high-resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) and a suite of old and new staining techniques, the beginnings of a multi-scale connectome map of the squid brain is erected. The first of its kind for a cephalopod, this includes the confirmation of 281 known connections with the addition of 145 previously undescribed pathways. These and other features suggest a suite of functional attributes, including (1) retinotopic organization through the optic lobes and into other brain areas well beyond that previously recognized, (2) a level of complexity and subdivision in the basal lobe supporting ideas of convergence with the vertebrate basal ganglia, and (3) differential lobe-dependent growth rates that mirror complexity and transitions in ontogeny.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward an MRI-Based Mesoscale Connectome of the Squid Brain

2020

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“…Three-dimensional (3D) analysis of internal organ systems was conducted using contrast-enhanced μCT. Three intact specimens of B. townsendi (21, 22, 23 mm TL) were formalin-fixed (4% in seawater) and, after several weeks of storage in fixative, were transferred to 70% ethanol through a graded series, and finally contrasted with 0.3% phosphotungstic acid (PTA) in 70% EtOH for 4 weeks ( Ziegler et al, 2018 ; Ziegler, 2019 ). A single, ethanol-fixed specimen of A. cordatus (42 mm TL) as well as two formalin-fixed museum specimens ( Protenaster rostratus , 28 mm TL and Tripylus excavatus , 37 mm TL) were treated in the same way.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reconstruction of the projection images was performed using the software provided with each scanner, i.e., NRecon 6.4 (Bruker microCT) and DatosX Reconstruction 1.5 (GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies). Visualization of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D data was carried out according to previously published protocols ( Ziegler and Menze, 2013 ; Ziegler et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schizasterid Heart Urchins Host Microorganisms in a Digestive Symbiosis of Mesozoic Origin

et al. 2020

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Because of their lifestyles, abundance, and feeding habits, infaunal marine deposit feeders have a significant impact on the ocean floor. As these animals also ingest microorganisms associated with their sediment and seawater diet, their digestive tract usually contains a diverse array of bacteria. However, while most of these microorganisms are transients, some may become part of a resident gut microbiome, in particular when sheltered from the main flow of digesta in specialized gut compartments. Here, we provide an in-depth analysis of the structure and contents of the intestinal caecum (IC), a hindgut diverticulum found exclusively in schizasterid heart urchins (Echinoidea: Spatangoida: Schizasteridae). Based on specimens of Brisaster townsendi , in addition to various other schizasterid taxa, our structural characterization of the IC shows that the organ is a highly specialized gut compartment with unique structural properties. Next generation sequencing shows that the IC contains a microbial population composed predominantly of Bacteroidales, Desulfobacterales, and Spirochaetales. The microbiome of this gut compartment is significantly different in composition and lower in diversity than the microbial population in the sediment-filled main digestive tract. Inferences on the function and evolution of the IC and its microbiome suggest that this symbiosis plays a distinct role in host nutrition and that it evolved at least 66 million years ago during the final phase of the Mesozoic.

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“…The future: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, see Ziegler et al (2018) on Mollusca, combined with publicly available databases of images of type specimens.…”

Section: Visualisation and Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%