Dioxin-like compounds in pine needles around Tokyo Bay, Japan in 1999

Abstract

Pine needle samples collected at ten spatially distant sites around Tokyo Bay in 1999 indicated a widespread lower troposphere pollution with ultra-trace dioxin-like compounds such as chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), -furans (PCDFs), non-ortho- and mono-ortho-chlorobiphenyls (pPCBs), and -naphthalenes (PCNs). Elevated concentration of planar PCBs and the total PCNs were found at the sites which are located innermost to the Bay, suggesting the regional importance of the evaporative nature of the source of pollution by those compounds over this vast area. The concentrations and profiles for PCDDs and PCDFs remained largely uniform. An exception was the site near the town of Tateyama in the Chiba Prefecture, which is the southernmost but also relatively separate from the inner Bay. The site near Tateyama showed somehow background contamination with all compound groups and highly different profiles of PCNs. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the data matrix has revealed that around the Tokyo Bay, apart from the evaporative emission sources for PCNs and PCBs, combustion related processes also play an important role as sources of the ambient air contamination not only with PCDDs/Fs but also with chloronaphthalenes and planar chlorobiphenyls.

Atmospheric PCDD/F Concentrations in 38 Cities of China Monitored with Pine Needles, a Passive Biosampler

“…Korean pine needles contain the highest PCDD/F concentrations, 26.2−2088 pg/g dw 18 and 10.1−155 pg/g wet weight. 28 Chinese pine needles were found to have high levels relative to other developed countries such as Japan, 17 Germany, 12 and Poland. 29 Chen et al 19 reported that the PCDD/F concentrations in pine needles from Dalian were 87− 167 pg/g dw.…”

Sources of unintentionally produced polychlorinated naphthalenes

“…The composition of the raw materials used in thermal processes may affect the PCN emissions, and studies have shown that increasing the amount of recycled materials used leads to increased emissions of PCNs and dioxins from iron ore sintering processes (Xhrouet and De Pauw, 2004;Liu et al, 2012b). sources in industries that use thermal processes, or evaporative releases from historical uses of industrial chemicals (such as Halowaxes) (Jarnberg et al, 1997;Harner et al, 1998;Hanari et al, 2004;Schuhmacher et al, 2004;Gewurtz et al, 2009). The PCN concentrations and profiles in technical PCB and PCN formulations have been reported in detail Yamashita et al, 2000;Noma et al, 2004;Falandysz et al, 2006a,b;Falandysz, 2007;Falandysz et al, 2008).…”

Concentrations of heavy metals and PCBs in the tissues of European beavers (Castor fiber) captured in northeastern Poland

“…Isotope labeled ( 13 C 12 ) non and mono-ortho chlorobiphenyl congeners were used as internal standards (PCB mixture-EC-4937). Details of PCB determination (extraction, cleanup and fractionation, multi-layer silica gel cleanup step, alumina layer cleanup and fractionation step, hypercarb-HPLC fractionation of sub-step, and PYE-HPLC fractionation of sub-step) have been described previously (Hanari et al 2004).…”