Direct Interference with Rhamnogalacturonan I Biosynthesis in Golgi Vesicles

Skjøt, Michael; Pauly, Markus; Bush, Maxwell S.; Borkhardt, Bernhard; McCann, Maureen C.; Ulvskov, Peter

doi:10.1104/pp.010948

Cited by 57 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In 35STARAF1 lines, a delay in inflorescence emergence and fewer secondary stems were observed. Similarly, potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants overexpressing an A. niger endo-arabinanase exhibited altered stem architecture, flowering defects, and even starch accumulation in the stem (Skjøt et al, 2002;Borkhardt et al, 2005). Together, these results suggest a close relationship between arabinans, carbon status, and overall plant development.…”

Section: Localized Arabinan Alterations Do Not Lead To a Visible Phenmentioning

confidence: 54%

Cell Wall Modifications in Arabidopsis Plants with Altered α-l-Arabinofuranosidase Activity

et al. 2008

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Although cell wall remodeling is an essential feature of plant growth and development, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. This work describes the characterization of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants with altered expression of ARAF1, a bifunctional a-L-arabinofuranosidase/b-D-xylosidase (At3g10740) belonging to family 51 glycosyl-hydrolases. ARAF1 was localized in several cell types in the vascular system of roots and stems, including xylem vessels and parenchyma cells surrounding the vessels, the cambium, and the phloem. araf1 T-DNA insertional mutants showed no visible phenotype, whereas transgenic plants that overexpressed ARAF1 exhibited a delay in inflorescence emergence and altered stem architecture. Although global monosaccharide analysis indicated only slight differences in cell wall composition in both mutant and overexpressing lines, immunolocalization experiments using anti-arabinan (LM6) and anti-xylan (LM10) antibodies indicated cell type-specific alterations in cell wall structure. In araf1 mutants, an increase in LM6 signal intensity was observed in the phloem, cambium, and xylem parenchyma in stems and roots, largely coinciding with ARAF1 expression sites. The ectopic overexpression of ARAF1 resulted in an increase in LM10 labeling in the secondary walls of interfascicular fibers and xylem vessels. The combined ARAF1 gene expression and immunolocalization studies suggest that arabinan-containing pectins are potential in vivo substrates of ARAF1 in Arabidopsis.Cell walls undergo dynamic changes during plant growth and development. Wall composition and macromolecular assembly vary greatly among taxa, species, organs, and cell types within an individual or domains of a given cell wall. These differences contribute to cell shape and, in some cases, specialized cellular function. Cell wall-related genomic approaches in different physiological contexts have revealed that many cell wall biosynthetic/modifying enzymes and structural proteins are regulated at the transcriptional level. In the case of secondary wall formation, one can correlate morphological and cytological cellular changes with the spatial and temporal regulation of wall-modifying enzymes over a developmental xylem gradient in poplar (Populus spp.;Schrader et al., 2004) and in in vitro tracheary elements (TEs) of zinnia (Zinnia elegans;Milioni et al., 2001;Demura et al., 2002;Pesquet et al., 2005). In a genomic approach of zinnia TEs, Pesquet et al. (2005) identified a family 51 (Carbohydrate Active enZYmes [CAZY] database, http://www.cazy.org; Coutinho and Henrissat, 1999) a-L-arabinofuranosidase (arabinofuranosidase) that was highly expressed in TE induction medium at the onset of secondary wall formation. Interestingly, although relatively little redundancy was observed in sequence data generated from the different genomic studies in zinnia, this family 51 arabinofuranosidase gene was systematically identified. At3g10740 is the closest Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homolog to the arabinofuranosidase...

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Section: Localized Arabinan Alterations Do Not Lead To a Visible Phenmentioning

confidence: 54%

Cell Wall Modifications in Arabidopsis Plants with Altered α-l-Arabinofuranosidase Activity

et al. 2008

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“…However, this is not really surprising, because although T7.2 is reduced in RG-I arabinans by approximately 70%, potato RG-I contains only a quarter as much arabinan as galactan, so this reduction amounts to a less than 2% change in wall composition (Skjøt et al, 2002).…”

Section: Rheological Changes In Tissues With Modified Wall Polymersmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Wild-type potatoes (Solanum tuberosum 'Posmo'; Kartoffelforaedlingsstationen i Vandel) and the transformed lines T13.1 with reduced RG-I linear b-1,4-galactan (Sørensen et al, 2000) and T7.2 with reduced a-1,5-arabinan (Skjøt et al, 2002) were grown in open air in containers in two-thirds peat moss and one-third Perlite. Tubers approximately 6 to 8 cm long were used for rheological measurements within 5 h of harvest.…”

Section: Plant Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical Properties of Plant Cell Walls Probed by Relaxation Spectra

et al. 2010

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Transformants and mutants with altered cell wall composition are expected to display a biomechanical phenotype due to the structural role of the cell wall. It is often quite difficult, however, to distinguish the mechanical behavior of a mutant's or transformant's cell walls from that of the wild type. This may be due to the plant's ability to compensate for the wall modification or because the biophysical method that is often employed, determination of simple elastic modulus and breakstrength, lacks the resolving power necessary for detecting subtle mechanical phenotypes. Here, we apply a method, determination of relaxation spectra, which probes, and can separate, the viscoelastic properties of different cell wall components (i.e. those properties that depend on the elastic behavior of load-bearing wall polymers combined with viscous interactions between them). A computer program, BayesRelax, that deduces relaxation spectra from appropriate rheological measurements is presented and made accessible through a Web interface. BayesRelax models the cell wall as a continuum of relaxing elements, and the ability of the method to resolve small differences in cell wall mechanical properties is demonstrated using tuber tissue from wild-type and transgenic potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) that differ in rhamnogalacturonan I side chain structure.

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“…Potato plants expressing a Golgi-localized arabinanase have been reported to have about a 70% reduction in RG I arabinan content in potato tubers. Surprisingly, the plants did not show significant changes in total cell wall monosaccharide composition and did not reveal any phenotypic alterations compared with wild-type plants (Skjøt et al, 2002). The Arabidopsis arad1 mutant has been characterized with a 25 and 54% decrease in cell wall Ara in the leaf and stem, respectively.…”

Section: The Interconversion Of Udp-arap and Udp-araf Is Indispensablmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interconversion of UDP-Arabinopyranose and UDP-Arabinofuranose Is Indispensable for Plant Development inArabidopsis

et al. 2011

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L-Ara, an important constituent of plant cell walls, is found predominantly in the furanose rather than in the thermodynamically more stable pyranose form. Nucleotide sugar mutases have been demonstrated to interconvert UDP-Larabinopyranose (UDP-Arap) and UDP-L-arabinofuranose (UDP-Araf) in rice (Oryza sativa). These enzymes belong to a small gene family encoding the previously named Reversibly Glycosylated Proteins (RGPs). RGPs are plant-specific cytosolic proteins that tend to associate with the endomembrane system. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the RGP protein family consists of five closely related members. We characterized all five RGPs regarding their expression pattern and subcellular localizations in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Enzymatic activity assays of recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli identified three of the Arabidopsis RGP protein family members as UDP-L-Ara mutases that catalyze the formation of UDP-Araf from UDP-Arap. Coimmunoprecipitation and subsequent liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed a distinct interaction network between RGPs in different Arabidopsis organs. Examination of cell wall polysaccharide preparations from RGP1 and RGP2 knockout mutants showed a significant reduction in total L-Ara content (12-31%) compared with wild-type plants. Concomitant downregulation of RGP1 and RGP2 expression results in plants almost completely deficient in cell wall-derived L-Ara and exhibiting severe developmental defects.

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Direct Interference with Rhamnogalacturonan I Biosynthesis in Golgi Vesicles

Cited by 57 publications

References 44 publications

Cell Wall Modifications in Arabidopsis Plants with Altered α-l-Arabinofuranosidase Activity

Cell Wall Modifications in Arabidopsis Plants with Altered α-l-Arabinofuranosidase Activity

Mechanical Properties of Plant Cell Walls Probed by Relaxation Spectra

The Interconversion of UDP-Arabinopyranose and UDP-Arabinofuranose Is Indispensable for Plant Development inArabidopsis

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