Direct Microbicidal Activity of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes

Oykhman, Paul; Mody, Christopher H.

doi:10.1155/2010/249482

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Zinc deficiency also significantly lowered the percentages of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD3 + CD8 + cells) (Fig. b), which are required to exclude cells infected with viruses and bacteria . As mentioned above, local dermatitis was observed in rats on a zinc‐deficient diet (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Inflammatory response under zinc deficiency is exacerbated by dysfunction of the T helper type 2 lymphocyte–M2 macrophage pathway

et al. 2019

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Nutritional zinc deficiency leads to immune dysfunction and aggravates inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, the relationship between macrophage subtypes (M1 and M2) and helper T lymphocytes (Th1 and Th2) was investigated using the spleen from rats fed zinc-deficient or standard diet. In experiment I, 5week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a zinc-deficient diet (without zinc additives) or a standard diet (containing 0Á01% zinc) for 6 weeks. In experiment II, the rats were divided into four groups: one group was fed a standard diet for 6 weeks; two groups were fed zinc-deficient diets and were injected three times a week with either saline or interleukin-4 (IL-4) (zinc-deficient/IL-4 i.p.); a fourth group (zinc-deficient/standard) was fed a zinc-deficient diet for 6 weeks followed by a standard diet for 4 weeks. In experiment I; GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA-3) protein level, M2 macrophage, CD3 + CD8 + cells, and IL-4/IL-13-positive cells significantly decreased in the spleens of the zinc-deficient group. Additionally, IL-1b and macrophage inflammatory protein-1a (MIP-1a) mRNA levels significantly increased in the splenic macrophages of the zinc-deficient group. In experiment II; M2 macrophages, CD3 + CD8 + cells, IL-4/IL-13-positive cells, and GATA-3 protein levels significantly increased in the spleens of the zinc-deficient/IL-4 i.p. and zinc-deficient/standard groups. Furthermore, IL-1b and MIP-1a mRNA levels decreased in the splenic macrophages of the zinc-deficient/IL-4 i.p. and zinc-deficient/standard groups. Zinc deficiency-induced aggravated inflammation is related to Th2 lymphocytes and followed by the association with loss of GATA-3, IL-4 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Importantly, IL-4 injection or zinc supplementation can reverse the effects of zinc deficiency on immune function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Inflammatory response under zinc deficiency is exacerbated by dysfunction of the T helper type 2 lymphocyte–M2 macrophage pathway

et al. 2019

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“…The killing mechanism of CTLs against intracellular pathogens involves MHC-restricted and antigen-specific recognition and binding of infected host cells [ 105 , 107 ]. In addition to these activities, recent studies in mammals have suggested that CTLs can exhibit direct antimicrobial activity and can kill different types of pathogens including bacteria, parasites, and fungi [ 108 ]. In contrast to killing of tumor and microbe-infected cells, direct killing of extracellular pathogens by CTLs is apparently an MHC-independent event since microorganisms do not express MHC.…”

Section: Function Of Fish T Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

T Cells in Fish

Nakanishi

Shibasaki

Matsuura

2015

Biology

134

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Cartilaginous and bony fish are the most primitive vertebrates with a thymus, and possess T cells equivalent to those in mammals. There are a number of studies in fish demonstrating that the thymus is the essential organ for development of T lymphocytes from early thymocyte progenitors to functionally competent T cells. A high number of T cells in the intestine and gills has been reported in several fish species. Involvement of CD4+ and CD8α+ T cells in allograft rejection and graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) has been demonstrated using monoclonal antibodies. Conservation of CD4+ helper T cell functions among teleost fishes has been suggested in a number studies employing mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and hapten/carrier effect. Alloantigen- and virus-specific cytotoxicity has also been demonstrated in ginbuna and rainbow trout. Furthermore, the important role of cell-mediated immunity rather than humoral immunity has been reported in the protection against intracellular bacterial infection. Recently, the direct antibacterial activity of CD8α+, CD4+ T-cells and sIgM+ cells in fish has been reported. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in T cell research focusing on the tissue distribution and function of fish T cells.

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“…T CD8 + cells are cytotoxic T-cells, which possess the ability to kill extracellular and intracellular pathogens, as well as tumourigenic cells, through the release of microbial products, known as granulysins ( Oykhman & Mody 2010 ). They are activated through a different mechanism when compared to T CD4 + cells.…”

Section: Immune Response Against Fungal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights on the development of fungal vaccines: from immunity to recent challenges

Medici

Poeta

2015

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Fungal infections are emerging as a major problem in part due to high mortality associated with systemic infections, especially in the case of immunocompromised patients. With the development of new treatments for diseases such as cancer and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic, the number of immunosuppressed patients has increased and, as a consequence, also the number of invasive fungal infections has increased. Several studies have proposed new strategies for the development of effective fungal vaccines. In addition, better understanding of how the immune system works against fungal pathogens has improved the further development of these new vaccination strategies. As a result, some fungal vaccines have advanced through clinical trials. However, there are still many challenges that prevent the clinical development of fungal vaccines that can efficiently immunise subjects at risk of developing invasive fungal infections. In this review, we will discuss these new vaccination strategies and the challenges that they present. In the future with proper investments, fungal vaccines may soon become a reality.

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Direct Microbicidal Activity of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes

Cited by 27 publications

References 65 publications

Inflammatory response under zinc deficiency is exacerbated by dysfunction of the T helper type 2 lymphocyte–M2 macrophage pathway

Inflammatory response under zinc deficiency is exacerbated by dysfunction of the T helper type 2 lymphocyte–M2 macrophage pathway

T Cells in Fish

New insights on the development of fungal vaccines: from immunity to recent challenges

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