Direct Permittivity Reconstruction From Power Measurements Using a Machine Learning Aided Method

Simple and inexpensive microwave setup for industrial based applications: Quantification of flower honey adulteration as a case study

“…These measurements can only be performed by using expensive vector network analyzers (VNAs) as done in the studies 15 – 17 , 19 , 21 , 25 – 28 , which are extremely expensive. To reduce the overall cost of microwave measurement setups, especially for industrial applications, equipments operating based on amplitude-only measurements such as power sensor, amplitude analyzer, or crystal diode detector could be applied as implemented in the studies 14 , 29 – 39 . Because the measurement setups in the studies 29 – 35 used reflected signals with or without transmission signals) in the analysis, directional couplers were needed to perform such measurements.…”

“…Because the measurement setups in the studies 29 – 35 used reflected signals with or without transmission signals) in the analysis, directional couplers were needed to perform such measurements. On the other hand, the measurement setup used in the studies 36 – 39 was based on transmission-only measurements so that a simple power meter could be implemented to pick up relevant transmitted signals through the sample. Therefore, the cost of the measurement setup in the studies 14 , 36 – 39 is relatively lower than the cost of the measurement setups in the studies 29 – 35 .…”

“…On the other hand, the measurement setup used in the studies 36 – 39 was based on transmission-only measurements so that a simple power meter could be implemented to pick up relevant transmitted signals through the sample. Therefore, the cost of the measurement setup in the studies 14 , 36 – 39 is relatively lower than the cost of the measurement setups in the studies 29 – 35 . The method presented in the study 36 is limited to characterization of high-loss samples (producing at least 10 dB attenuation).…”

“…The method presented in the study 36 is limited to characterization of high-loss samples (producing at least 10 dB attenuation). Besides, the methods in the studies 14 , 37 – 39 can be applied for characterization of low-to-high loss samples.…”

“…Our setup simply uses an oscillator, an adapter, an attenuator (depending on the need), a measurement cell, a diode-detector, and an analog dB meter. Therefore, the proposed setup is as relatively inexpensive as the setups in the studies 37 – 39 , 39 , which use a calibrated power sensor for transmission power detection in charge of detector and dB meter.…”