Directability, eye-gaze, and the usage of visual displays during an automated vehicle handover task

Clark, Jediah R.; Stanton, Neville A.; Revell, Kirsten M. A.

doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.10.005

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Carney, Campbell and Mitchell (1998), Green (1995) and Zwaga and Mijksenaar (2000) have highlighted the importance of a human factors-led approach to icons in IVIS, and the studies conducted by Green (1979) and Chong, Clauer and Green (1990) had user-led approach to the initial stages of design. After some polishing, these designs could be scored using the ISO 9186 test as part of a human factors and user-led iterative design process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants were recruited via posters around the university campuses, posts on social media, direct emailing to a list of people who had previously expressed interest in taking part in research undertaken by this team, and to ensure age group 3 was captured, contacting the local branch of 'The University of the Third Age', an organisation who describe themselves as a group 'which brings together people in their 'third age' to develop their interests and continue their learning' (University of the Third Age 2019). These age groups were chosen in order to align with other work within the same project (Clark et al 2019). Time constraints allowed only a single focus group to be held, which, according to Morgan (1997c), is acceptable as long as the results are interpreted cautiously.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Benefits of standardisation have been shown to include opening products up to wider international markets by helping overcome language and cultural barriers, providing a method of communication which can surpass them (ISO 2013(ISO , 2014Stuart-Buttle 2006;Green 1993;Buhler et al 2020) Chong et al 1990). They can improve the image of the original equipment manufacturers and reduce exposure to liability from new technologies (Priest, Wilson and Salas 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human factors methods have been used to help design icons (Campbell 2016). Green (1981) and Chong et al (1990) both used design workshops with members of the public designing icons for used in IVIS. In both cases, the participants were asked to hand draw their own ideas for a variety of alerts such as oil level, coolant pressure and a variety of cruise control functions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The iconography of vehicle automation—a focus group study

Richardson

Revell

Kim

et al. 2021

Hum.-Intell. Syst. Integr.

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SAE level 2 and 3 semi-autonomous vehicles are widely available but, due to the nature of automation, their in-vehicle displays are required to communicate more complex information to the driver. Examination of interfaces from a variety of manufacturers revealed a clear lack of consistency in the way key information is displayed. Different manufacturers have adopted icons varying in shape and colour to convey the same message. When driving a semi-autonomous vehicle, mode awareness is critical for trust, performance and safety. Standardisation of icons has been shown to have many benefits including opening products up to wider international markets by helping overcome language and cultural barriers, by providing a method of communication which can surpass them. However, the current lack of standardisation in icon design could cause mode confusion and has little cross-vehicle compatibility. To understand the impact of mode confusion on users, a focus group was held in which participants were asked to interpret the meaning of icons from a variety of different driver interfaces. Ambiguity in user interpretations makes the case for the introduction of new ISO standard icons to better support drivers in SAE level 2 and 3 automated vehicles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The iconography of vehicle automation—a focus group study

Richardson

Revell

Kim

et al. 2021

Hum.-Intell. Syst. Integr.

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“…The design of the interface between human driver and vehicle automation will be critical for successful handovers, especially when control of the vehicle is being handed back to the human driver (Eriksson et al 2019;Eriksson and Stanton 2017a, b;Clark et al 2019a). There are many examples of the failure to hand vehicle control back successfully, from both simulator studies (Banks et al 2014;Stanton et al 1997) and real on-road collisions that have ended in fatalities (Banks et al 2018a;Stanton et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

OESDs in an on-road study of semi-automated vehicle to human driver handovers

et al. 2021

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Design of appropriate interaction and human–machine interfaces for the handover of control between vehicle automation and human driver is critical to the success of automated vehicles. Problems in this interfacing between the vehicle and driver have led, in some cases, to collisions and fatalities. In this project, Operator Event Sequence Diagrams (OESDs) were used to design the handover activities to and from vehicle automation. Previous work undertaken in driving simulators has shown that the OESDs can be used to anticipate the likely activities of drivers during the handover of vehicle control. Three such studies showed that there was a strong correlation between the activities drivers represented in OESDs and those observed from videos of drivers in the handover process, in driving simulators. For the current study, OESDs were constructed during the design of the interaction and interfaces for the handover of control to and from vehicle automation. Videos of drivers during the handover were taken on motorways in the UK and compared with the predictions from the OESDs. As before, there were strong correlations between those activities anticipated in the OESDs and those observed during the handover of vehicle control from automation to the human driver. This means that OESDs can be used with some confidence as part of the vehicle automation design process, although validity generalisation remains an important goal for future research.

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